CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM Chapter 14 Beginnings to

CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM Chapter 14 Beginnings to 1877 AGRICULTURAL CHANGES IN THE SOUTH (1790– 1860) Section 1: The Growth of Cotton Section 2: The Southern Economy Section 3: Southern Society Section 4: The Slave System 1 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 1: The Growth of Cotton CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 OBJECTIVES « What happened to agriculture and slavery in the South immediately after the American Revolution? « What effect did the cotton gin have on the South and slavery? « How did the cotton boom affect the South’s economy? 2 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 1: The Growth of Cotton CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 Up until 1793 slavery was declining, crops were cheap and slaves were too expensive: l a fall in production and prices When supply exceeds demand prices drop. l The use of slaves was on the decline in each state, until… 1793. 3 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

THE COTTON GIN, Eli Whitney-1793 CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 Cotton=$$$, l THE COTTON GIN Cotton Gin= Cotton needed. revolutionized the cotton The more cotton you plant, the industry and increased more you have to pick. Southern agriculture. More cotton=more slaves to pick it. 4 l led to greater use of slave labor. HOLT, RINEHART WINSTON AND

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CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 6 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 1: The Growth of Cotton COTTON BELT CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 Slave population increases: 700, 000 slaves in the U. S. 1790. 1830 - 2, 000 1860 -4, 000 The Southern economy improved as cotton became a major cash crop$$$. 7 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 2: The Southern Economy CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 OBJECTIVES « How did trade affect the southern economy? « Why were crops other than cotton important to the southern economy? « What kinds of factories were located in the South? 8 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 2: The Southern Economy CALL TO HOLT F REEDOM Effect of Trade on Southern Economy Beginnings to 1877 The Good news for the South, l. Trade and economy in the South improved and led to the growth of major port cities. l. Charleston, SC Savannah, GA New Orleans, LA Bad News; l. By 1850 South only has 14% of U. S. canal mileage, and even less railroad mileage. It’s all in the North! l. Transportation overland much slower than in the North. 9 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Other crops important to the southern economy were corn, rice, sweet potatoes, sugarcane, wheat, tobacco, hemp, and flax. 10 CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 2: The Southern Economy Factories in the South l l 11 CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 rope industries lumber industries steam-powered sawmills factories to process crops, such as sugar processing HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

CALL TO HOLT Tredegar Iron Works Largest iron factory in the south. Richmond, VA FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 l By 1860 it was the third largest iron manufacturer in the United States. l Makes steam engines, artillery rounds, cannons, railroad track, locomotives. 12 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

l Look at the chart. l What inferences can you make about the differences between the northern and southern states? 13 CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 3: Southern Society CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 OBJECTIVES « What was life like for southern planters and owners of small farms? « What was the urban South like? « What challenges did free African Americans face in the South? 14 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 3: Southern Society CALL TO HOLT F REEDOM Daily Life for Planters and Farmers Beginnings to 1877 Life for planters and farmers centered around religion, farming, and varied according to social class. Planter- wealthy, owned lots of land slaves. Yeomen Farmer- poor, rented or owned some land, few or no slaves. 15 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 3: The Southern Cities l built water systems and streets l offered public education l depended on slave labor 16 CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 3: Southern Society Discrimination CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 Free Africans in the South faced discrimination and limited rights. discrimination – difference in attitude or treatment. Can’t vote, Not paid equally, couldn’t hold certain jobs Had to have proof of freedom or risk being kidnapped. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 4: The Slave System Slaves faced: l hard labor and long hours l harsh living conditions l Punished for not working or trying to escape. Plantation Slave Structure • Field slave. Planting, harvesting, processing crops. • House slavedomestic work. cooking, cleaning, etc. 18 CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

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Section 4: The Slave System CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 Slave culture helped them cope with the slavery system by reminding them of their heritage. They formed strong ties through: l Family- biggest source for support. l folktales – oral stories that often provide a moral lesson l spirituals – emotional Christian songs sung by slaves that mixed African and European elements and expressed slaves’ religious beliefs. 20 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

CALL TO HOLT Common thoughts of students… FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 l Why didn’t they fight back? ? ? THEY DID! l I would have fought for my freedom!!! GOOD FOR YOU! l I would have run away or fought my way out! ME TOO! l I would have died before they could have made me a slave! MOST HAD FAMILIES TO THINK OF! 21 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Challenging Slavery l l CALL TO HOLT slaves worked slower slaves ran away slaves revolted Nat Turner’s Rebellion- 1831, Virginia, Most violent revolt in the U. S. FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 "I should arise and prepare myself and slay my enemies with their own weapons. " Nat Turner 22 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

l Nat Turner's Revolt--August, 1831 --Nat Turner's rebellion was the most successful of all slave revolts. Turner, a slave preacher, inspired fellow slaves with his apocalyptic visions of white and black angels fighting in heaven. He gathered up his seven original followers and launched his rebellion by entering his owner's home and killing the entire family, except for a small infant. They moved from one farm to the next, killing all slave-owning whites they found. As they progressed through Southampton county, other slaves joined in the rebellion. The next day, Turner and his 80 followers were intercepted by the state militia. In the confrontation that followed, Turner escaped and remained free for nearly 2 months. In those 2 months though, the militia and white vigilantes instituted a reign of terror over slaves in the region. Hundreds of blacks were killed. White Virginians panicked over fears of a larger slave revolt and soon instituted more restrictive laws regulating slave life. Turner was eventually captured and hung. 23 CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 In February, 1831, there was an eclipse of the sun. Turner took this to be the sign he had been promised from God and confided his plan to the men he trusted the most. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

C 1. Gloucester County, Virginia--Sept. 1663— HOLT ALL TO This was the first major conspiracy for a possible slave rebellion. REEDOM The plot by black slaves and white indentured servants was Beginnings to 1877 betrayed to the authorities. Several plotters were beheaded. 2. New York City Slave Rebellion--1712 --25 slaves armed with guns and clubs burned down houses on the northern edge of New York City and killed nine whites. The rebels were killed after soldiers arrived. The repercussions of this rebellion resulted in the tortuous execution of 18 participants in the rebellion. 3. Cato's Conspiracy/Stono Rebellion--1739 --Approximately 80 slaves armed themselves and attempted to march toward Spanish Florida from their home area of Stono, South Carolina. When confronted by a group of white militia, a battle ensued. 44 blacks and 21 whites perished. F HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

C ALL TO New York Conspiracy--March and April, 1741– HOLT F 4. REEDOM 31 slaves and 4 whites were executed as a result of Beginnings to 1877 rumors of a major slave rebellion in New York City. It is unknown whether these rumors were based on fact or were part of a larger paranoia which existed regarding slave uprisings. 5. Gabriel Prosser's Rebellion--1800 --Gabriel Prosser, a blacksmith, and his brother Martin, a slave preacher, planned a major rebellion in Virginia. They recruited at least 1, 000 slaves to their cause and built up a secret cache of weapons in anticipation of marching on the state capital of Richmond. When the day of the revolt arrived though, a violent storm washed out the roads and bridges leading to Richmond. The rebels broke up and Prosser was betrayed by one of his followers. The state militia captured Prosser and he and many of his followers were hanged. 25 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

6. Slave rebellion in St. John the Baptist Parish – Jan 8 -10, 1811 -- rebellion in Louisiana in which 500 slaves took part and 100 were killed. Louisiana had only recently joined the United States after the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 7. Fort Blount--1816 --Three hundred fugitive slaves and Florida Seminole Indians battled U. S. Army troops at Apalachicola Bay in Florida. 8. Denmark Vesey's Uprising--1822 --Vesey, a free black man living in South Carolina, detested slavery and took great inspiration from stories of Israelite freedom from bondage in the Bible. He began organizing for a major rebellion which would take place in 1822 in the city of Charleston. He and his followers organized into small cells, independent of each other. This way, of a single cell were detected by the authorities, the other rebel cells could survive. His plan was rather simple. Armed slaves would position themselves outside the houses of whites at night. Then, other slaves would start a major fire in the city. When the white men exited their homes to fight HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON the fire, the slaves would kill them.

CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM Beginnings to 1877 l Unfortunately for Vesey and his followers, someone betrayed them before they could launch the attack. One of Vesey's companions, who knew the whole plan, turned him in to the authorities. Vesey and the other leaders were hung, but the immensity and ingenuity of the plot terrified southern slave owners. 27 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON