CALL TO HOLT Chapter 16 FREEDOM 1865 to

CALL TO HOLT Chapter 16 FREEDOM 1865 to the Present WORLD WAR II (1938 -1945) Section 1: World War II Begins Section 2: Mobilizing for War Section 3: The War in North Africa and Europe Section 4: War in the Pacific Section 5: Final Victory and Consequences 1 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 1: World War II Begins CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present OBJECTIVES l What parts of Europe did Germany conquer by mid-1940? l How did President Roosevelt aid Britain while preserving U. S. neutrality? l What events led to the conflict between the United States and Japan? 2 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 1: World War II Begins CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present Parts of Europe Conquered by Hitler by Mid-1940’s l In April 1940 German troops occupied Denmark. l In May 1940 Germany seized the Low Countries of Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands. 3 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present 4 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SECTION 1 CALL TO HOLT World War II FREEDOM 1865 to the Present Sudetenland Belgium The Netherlands Norway German Conquests in Europe, Mid-1940 much of Poland Denmark France Luxemburg HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 1: World War II Begins CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present Roosevelt Aids Britain During Neutrality l In 1939 Congress approved a “cash-and-carry” system to supply the allies with weapons. l Roosevelt swapped 50 US destroyers for 99 year leases on several of Britain’s naval bases in the Caribbean. 6 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 1: World War II Begins CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present Conflicts Between the U. S. and Japan l In July 1941 Japanese forces seized French Indochina leading Roosevelt to freeze Japanese funds and blocking the sale of products to Japan. l On December 7, 1941 the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. 7 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 2: Mobilizing for War CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present OBJECTIVES l How did the United States mobilize for World War II? l What effects did World War II have on civilian women and minorities? l Why did the U. S. government intern Japanese Americans during the war? 8 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 2: Mobilizing for War CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present U. S. Prepares for War l Production boomed as American factories turned out enormous quantities of war materials. l The government expanded its role and increased its regulation of the economy. l The War Production Board (WPB) was created to oversee the conversion of factories to war production. 9 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 2: Mobilizing for War (continued) CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present U. S. Prepares for War l In 1940 Congress passed the Selective Training and Service Act – the first peacetime draft in U. S. history requiring all men between the ages of 21 and 35 to register for the draft but later included men aged 18 to 36. 10 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

CALL TO HOLT Conscientious Objectors FREEDOM 1865 to the Present l Of the more than 72, 000 men registering as conscientious objectors (CO), nearly 52, 000 received CO status. Of these, over 25, 000 entered the military in noncombatant roles, another 12, 000 went to civilian work camps, and nearly 6, 000 went to prison. Draft evasion only accounted for about 4% of the total inducted. About 373, 000 alleged evaders were investigated with just over 16, 000 being imprisoned. 11 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present Said a bird in the midst of a blitz “Up to now, they’ve scored very few hitz, so I’ll sit on my canny Old Star Spangled Fanny…” And on it he sitz and he sitz. -Dr. Seuss 12 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 2: Mobilizing for War CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present Women During the Time of War l Women replaced men in factories and business offices. l Some 300, 000 women worked in the armed forces, in organizations such as the Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC), and served as nurses. 13 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 2: Mobilizing for War CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present Minorities During the Time of War l African Americans migrated to the North to work in industry. l Mexican Americans took advantage of wartime job opportunities. l Braceros – Mexican workers from Mexico – were allowed to enter the U. S. to work in agricultural jobs. 14 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 2: Mobilizing for War CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present Japanese American Internment l After Pearl Harbor, many Americans questioned the loyalty of Issei and Nisei. l Fearing the possibility of spying or sabotage, in February 1942 the government began a process of internment, or forced relocation and imprisonment, of Japanese Americans. Issei – immigrants born in Japan Nisei – full citizens born in the U. S. 15 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

CALL TO HOLT Japanese Internment: Executive Order 9066 FREEDOM 1865 to the Present http: //memory. loc. gov/learn/lessons/99/fear/gallery. html HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

CALL TO HOLT REEDOM Pearl Harbor’s Impact on the. FJapanese 1865 to the Present l Anti-Japanese sentiments have existed in the United States for several decades prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor. l On December 7, 1941, the United States naval base Pearl Harbor was attacked by Japan, resulting in the U. S. entry into WWII. l During that time, more than 119, 000 people of Japanese ancestry, two-thirds of them American citizens, were living in California, Washington, and Oregon. (www. usatoday. com/. . . /contenttemplate 14. htm) HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present l President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order No. 9066 in February of 1942. l Executive Order No. 9066 empowered the U. S. Army to designate areas from which "any or all persons may be excluded. " l The attack of Pearl Harbor shocked the American public, resulting in widespread hysteria and paranoia. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present l Those of Japanese ancestry living on the West Coast were to be relocated. l Internment refers to the forced imprisonment and relocation of a group of people. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Internment l Fear of disloyalty on the part of any Issei or Nisei was common among many Americans. l Issei: those born in Japan, regarded by the U. S. government as ineligible for U. S. citizenship. l Nisei: those born to Japan parents, thus U. S. citizens. l 1/3 of the population of Hawaii was comprised of those of Japanese descent, thus many of them were not interned, however the islands were placed under martial law. l Video Clip CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present http: //www. fdrlibrary. marist. edu/images/photodb/23 -0306 a. gif Japanese near trains during Relocation http: //www. fdrlibrary. marist. edu/images/photodb/23 -0307 a. gif Housing in a Japanese Relocation camp HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present Questions to consider: l Describe life in a relocation camp. How is that life different from your own? l Describe the differing points of view held by the elderly and the young. 21 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

CALL TO HOLT Internment l Japanese assets were frozen after the attack on Pearl Harbor, making it difficult for many Japanese Americans to move from the West Coast. l March 2, 1942 Gen. John L. De. Witt issues Public Proclamation No. 1 which creates Military Areas Nos. 1 and 2. Military Area No. 1 includes the western portion of California, Oregon and Washington, and part of Arizona. Military Area No. 2 includes the rest of these states. The proclamation also hints that people might be excluded from Military Area No. 1. (http: //www. pbs. org/childofcamp/his tory/timeline. html) FREEDOM 1865 to the Present http: //www. bookmice. net/darkchilde/japan/map 4. jpg Japanese Internment Camp Locations HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

CALL TO HOLT l March 24, 1942 The first Civilian Exclusion Order issued by the Army is issued for the Bainbridge Island area near Seattle. The forty-five families there are given one week to prepare. By the end of October, 108 exclusion orders would be issued, and all Japanese Americans in Military Area No. 1 and the California portion of No. 2 would be incarcerated. FREEDOM 1865 to the Present (www. fdrlibrary. marist. edu/od 9066 ph. html) HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present War Relocation Authority(WRA) Centers HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

CALL TO HOLT Life in Internment Camps l "In the detention centers, families lived in substandard housing, had inadequate nutrition and health care, and had their livelihoods destroyed: many continued to suffer psychologically long after their release" - "Personal Justice Denied: Report of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians” FREEDOM 1865 to the Present (www. trumanlibrary. org/. . . /20 -2311 a. htm) HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present l "In desert camps, the evacuees met severe extremes of temperature. In winter it reached 35 degrees below zero, and summer brought temperatures as high as 115 degrees. Rattlesnakes and desert wildlife added danger to discomfort. " - Personal Justice Denied: Report of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians. (http: //www. nps. gov/manz/hrst. htm) HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Life in Manzanar CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present Photos taken by Ansel Adams (http: //lcweb 2. loc. gov/cgi-bin/ampage) HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present l In 1988, Congress implemented the Civil Liberties Act, apologizing on behalf of the nation for the "grave injustice" done to persons of Japanese ancestry. Congress declared that the internments had been "motivated largely by racial prejudice, wartime hysteria, and a failure of political leadership" and authorized $20, 000 payments to Japanese Americans who had suffered injustices during World War II. (http: //memory. loc. gov/ammem/aamhtml/aamabout. html) HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 3: The War in North Africa and Europe CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present OBJECTIVES l Why was the Allies’ North Africa campaign so important? l What were the major turning points of the war in Europe? l How did the Allies drive the Germans out of France? 29 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 3: The War in North Africa and Europe CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present Importance of the Allied North Africa Campaign l To control the Suez Canal – a vital Allied supply route l To push the Germans out of Egypt and North Africa 30 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 3: The War in North Africa and Europe CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present Turning Points in Europe l The Battle of Stalingrad, January 1943, forced German troops to surrender and ended Hitler’s attempt to crush the Soviet Union. l The D-Day invasion, June 6, 1944, led to the liberation of France. l The Battle of the Bulge, December 16, 1944, ended Germany’s ability to wage offensive war. 31 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 3: The War in North Africa and Europe CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present Germans Are Driven Out of France l U. S. generals Omar Bradley and George Patton led allied forces in attacks on German troops in France. l New allied forces landed in southern France and began to advance northward. 32 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 4: War in the Pacific CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present OBJECTIVES l Where did Japan attack in addition to its bombing of Pearl Harbor? l What three battles were the major turning points of the war in the Pacific? l How did the Allies advance toward Japan? 33 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 4: War in the Pacific CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present Japan Advances Across the Pacific l By early 1942 Japan had seized Hong Kong, Singapore, Burma, and the Netherlands East Indies. l Japan also captured Guam, Wake Island, the Aleutian islands of Kiska and Attu, and the Philippines. 34 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 4: War in the Pacific CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present Three Major Turning Points in the Pacific l Battle of the Coral Sea – led by U. S. Admiral Chester Nimitz who halted the Japanese advance in the Pacific l Battle of Midway (June 3 -4, 1942) – allied forced crippled the Japanese navy l Guadalcanal (August, 1942) – allies won control of the island stopped the Japanese from completing an airstrip there 35 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 4: War in the Pacific CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present Allied Advance Towards Japan l Allies planned to conquer one Pacific Island after another, gradually moving closer to Japan. l Allies planned the strategy of island-hopping to gain bases from which they could bomb and later invade Japan. island-hopping – World War II strategy of conquering only certain Pacific islands 36 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 4: War in the Pacific (continued) CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present Allied Advance Towards Japan l Allies invaded New Guinea, the Gilbert Islands, Marshall, Mariana, Volcano, Bonin Islands and the Marinas in l 943 to pave the way to begin bombing the Japanese mainland. 37 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 5: Final Victory and Consequences CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present OBJECTIVES l How did the Allies force Germany and Japan to surrender? l What were the human and economic costs of World War II? l What events led to the Holocaust? 38 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

CALL TO Section 5: Final Victory and Consequences HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present Germany and Japan Surrender l The allies pushed toward Germany from the east and west forcing them to surrender. l On August 6, 1945 an atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima and on August 9, 1945 a second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, forcing the Japanese to surrender. atomic bomb – a weapon the produced tremendous power by splitting atoms 39 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 5: Final Victory and Consequences CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present Costs of the War l Approximately 50 million people died – more than half of them civilians. l Millions more were injured or left suffering from disease and malnutrition. l War devastated national economies in Europe and Asia. 40 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 5: Final Victory and Consequences (continued) CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present Costs of the War l Food production, industry, and transportation networks were destroyed in many areas. l Millions of people were left homeless and lacking basic necessities such as food. l Much of the world’s great art and architecture was lost forever. 41 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 5: Final Victory and Consequences CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present The Holocaust l Hitler and the Nazis used this plan to destroy the Jewish population. l In January 1942, at the Wannsee Conference, the Nazi leaders agreed to a “final solution to the Jewish question” by using genocide – the deliberate murder of an entire people. l Nazis planned to eliminate the Jews by placing them in death camps equipped with gas chambers to kill them. 42 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON