CALL TO HOLT Chapter 11 FREEDOM 1865 to

CALL TO HOLT Chapter 11 FREEDOM 1865 to the Present WORLD WAR I Section 1: The Road to War Section 2: Wilson and Neutrality Section 3: Americans Prepare for War Section 4: Americans “Over there” Section 5: Establishing Peace 1 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

CHAPTER 11 World War I CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present Section 1: The Road to War Section 2: Wilson and Neutrality Section 3: Americans Prepare for War Section 4: Americans “Over There” Section 5: Establishing Peace HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SECTION 1 The Road to War CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present Question: Where did early fighting in the war occur? HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

CALL TO SECTION 1 HOLT FREEDOM The Road to War 1865 to the Present BALTIC SEA RUSSIA NORTH SEA ROMANIA GERMANY BLACK SEA BULGARIA SWITZERLAND AUSTRIAHUNGARY OTTOMAN EMPIRE SERBIA FRANCE ITALY GREECE HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SECTION 2 Wilson and Neutrality CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present Question: In what ways did trench warfare and new weapons affect the fighting in World War I? HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SECTION 3 Americans Prepare for War CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present Question: How did the U. S. government prepare its citizens and the military for war? HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SECTION 3 CALL TO HOLT Americans Prepare for War FREEDOM 1865 to the Present PREPARING FOR WAR Citizens Committee on Public Information, propaganda and publicity Military Selective Service Act and training camps HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SECTION 4 Americans “Over There” CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present Question: How did the Bolshevik Revolution and the U. S. entry affect the war? HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SECTION 4 CALL TO HOLT Americans “Over There” FREEDOM 1865 to the Present Cause Effect Bolshevik Revolution The Bolshevik Revolution resulted in Russia’s leaving the war. This event temporarily weakened the Allies. Germany took the opportunity to launch a series of successful attacks on the western front. U. S. Entry into War American forces help the French push Germany away from Paris. The Allies squash the Germans in the Second Battle of the Marne. The Allies launch a successful counterattack, pushing past enemy lines. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SECTION 5 Establishing Peace CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present Question: What were the terms of the Treaty of Versailles? HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SECTION 5 CALL TO HOLT Establishing Peace FREEDOM 1865 to the Present Treaty of Versailles partial incorporation of the right of self-determination formation of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia restoration of Poland creation of the League of Nations oversight of the Central Powers’ former colonies HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

CHAPTER 11 Chapter Wrap-Up CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present 1. How did the United States attempt to increase support for World War I at home? 2. How did the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand start a world war? 3. Explain how the airplane and the machine gun changed fighting in World War I. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 1: The Road to War CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present OBJECTIVES l What were the main causes of World War I? l How did most of Europe become involved in the war? l Where was the early fighting in the war and what were the results? 13 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 1: The Road to War CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present Main Causes of World War I - ANIMAL l Alliances – secret relations with other countries l Nationalism – the feeling that a specific nation, language, or culture is superior to all others l Imperialism – nations compete to gain territories and build overseas empires l Militarism – a policy of aggressive military preparedness l Anarchy – lack of governments in Southeastern Europe l Leadership – lack of international leadership 14 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present Central Powers vs. Allies 15 Central Powers Allies l l l Hungary Turkey Bulgaria Austria Germany Britain Russia France United States Japan Italy HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand l June 28, 1914 Did the assassination really cause the outbreak of war? 16 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 1: The Road to War CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present Europe Becomes Involved in the War l Russia’s mobilization led other countries to fulfill their own alliance obligations. l In support of Austria-Hungary, Germany declared war on Russia on August 1, l 914 and on France on August 3, 1914. l Germany invaded Belgium on August 3, 1914 leading Britain into the war against Germany and Austria-Hungary. l Eventually 30 nations would fight in WWI. 17 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 1: The Road to War CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present Early Fighting and Results of the War l On the western front, most fighting took place along a battle line that extended from Switzerland to the North Sea. l The Russians attacked the Central Powers on the eastern front, which extended from the Black Sea to the Baltic Sea. l The result was that both the Central Powers and the Allied Powers realized that the war would not be a short one. 18 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 2: Wilson and Neutrality CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present OBJECTIVES l What was trench warfare like? l How did new weapons affect the fighting in World War I? l How did the United States try to remain neutral in the war, and what events forced the United States to enter the war? 19 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 2: Wilson and Neutrality CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present Characteristics of Trench Warfare – the strategy of defending a position by fighting from the protection of deep ditches l Ranged from simple holes to complex networks that were six to eight feet deep with rooms for sleeping and eating l Cold, wet, and dirty l Health problems and disease 20 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 2: Wilson and Neutrality CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present New Technology l New technology made the war even more dangerous. l Machine and other types of big guns launched deadly artillery shells and poison gas. l Tanks were used to support infantry attacks and were difficult to destroy. l Airplanes were used to gather information, shoot down enemy planes and fire on trenches. 21 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SECTION 2 CALL TO HOLT Wilson and Neutrality FREEDOM 1865 to the Present Trench Warfare Machine Guns Poison Gas wet, cold, dirty, unhealthy, and dangerous sent soldiers into trenches, contributed to stalemate destroyed soldiers’ lungs, killing them slowly; caused them to wear gas masks U-Boats Tanks caused heavy losses to Allied shipping slow, but very tough and could cause heavy damage HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 2: Wilson and Neutrality (continued) CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present Neutrality and War l President Woodrow Wilson’s declaration of neutrality reflected the nation’s policy of isolationism. l Most Americans viewed the war as a European conflict. l U. S. neutrality did not prevent Americans from trading with the warring European nations. l The sinking of the Lusitania infuriated the American public. 23 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 2: Wilson and Neutrality CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present Neutrality and War l The German violation of the Sussex Pledge on February 1, 1917, led to America breaking diplomatic relations with Germany. l The Zimmerman Note led to an American war declaration on Germany on April 6, 1917. Zimmerman Note – telegram sent by Germany’s foreign minister to Mexico during World War I proposing an alliance between the two countries 24 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 3: Americans Prepare for War CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present OBJECTIVES l How did the U. S. government prepare the military for war? l What contributions did women and African Americans make to the war effort? l How did the war affect industry and labor? 25 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

CALL TO Section 3: Americans Prepare for War HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present Government Prepares for War l May 18, 1917, Congress passed the Selective Service Act. l Army built training camps to train soldiers for the war. Selective Service Act – required all men between the ages of 21 -30 to register to be drafted into the armed forces 26 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 3: Americans Prepare for War CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present Contributions of Women and African Americans l Some 25, 000 female volunteers served as nurses, signalers, typists, interpreters, translating calls and sending battle orders. l On the home front women filled important industrial jobs in factories. l Pressure from the NAACP led the military to create some combat units and one officer-training camp for African Americans. 27 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 4: Americans “Over There” CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present OBJECTIVES l What were the experiences of U. S. soldiers in World War I? l How did the final battles of the war progress? l Why did Germany finally agree to an armistice? 28 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 4: Americans “Over There” CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present U. S. Soldiers in WWI l U. S. troops served as individual units and were known as the American Expeditionary Force. l Doughboys trained in specially dug trenches and practiced with real shells and rifles and were trained for victory and not stalemate. doughboys – nickname for American soldiers in World War I 29 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 4: Americans “Over There” CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present The Final Battles l In the spring of 1918 Germany launched a series of attack to break the stalemate on the western front. l March 21, 1918 the Germans launched an attack on the Somme River that ended up costing the Germans 250, 000 casualties. l In other battles, German advances were halted at northwestern France, the Marne, and the town of Chateau-Thierry; the turning point of the war had finally come. 30 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 4: Americans “Over There” CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present Reasons for An Armistice l German people and army were weary of war. l Civilians were without food or supplies and deaths from starvation were intense. l German soldiers rebelled and the Germans did not have enough soldiers to continue fighting. 31 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 5: Establishing Peace CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present OBJECTIVES l What were the human and economic costs of the war? l What were the terms of the Treaty of Versailles? l How did Americans respond to the Treaty of Versailles? 32 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 5: Establishing Peace CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present Human Cost of the War l Allies lost more than 5 million soldiers and 116, 000 American troops died. l Central Powers lost about 3. 4 million soldiers. l More than 20 million soldiers on both sides were wounded. l Thousands of civilians were wounded. 33 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 5: Establishing Peace CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present Economic Cost of the War l Economies of nations involved in the war were ruined l War destroyed the land itself l Cost of the war estimated at more the $145 billion for the Allies and $63 billion for the Central Powers l More than $30 billion in property destroyed and $1 billion on relief l War debts 34 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 5: Establishing Peace CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present Terms of the Treaty of Versailles l The treaty included some of the Fourteen Points such as self-determination. l People of some nations won the right to decide their own political situation. l New nations were formed and old ones were restored such as Czechoslovakia and Poland. Fourteen Points – President Woodrow Wilson’s plan for organizing post-World War I Europe and for avoiding future wars 35 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Section 5: Establishing Peace CALL TO HOLT FREEDOM 1865 to the Present America’s Response to the Treaty l Congress did not approve of the Treaty of Versailles. l Congress negotiated separate peace treaties with Austria, Germany, and Hungary. l U. S. never joined the League of Nations. 36 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON