Calibration and Electrical Safety of Medical Equipment Dr

Calibration and Electrical Safety of Medical Equipment Dr Fadhl Al-Akwaa fadlwork@gmail. com www. fadhl-alakwa. weebly. com Please contact Dr Fadhl to use this material

Why Test & Calibration What you cannot measure you cannot control Please contact Dr Fadhl to use this material

As components age and equipment undergoes changes in temperature or humidity or sustains mechanical stress, performance gradually degrades. This is called drift. When this happens your test results become unreliable and both design and performance quality suffer. While drift cannot be eliminated, it can be detected and either corrected or compensated for through Please Dr Fadhl to useof this material thecontact process calibration.

Definitions • Calibration: process of comparing an unknown against a reference standard within defined limits, accuracies and Uncertainties • Verification: process of comparing an unknown against a reference standard at usually one data point Please contact Dr Fadhl to use this material

Requirements of Test & Calibration service – Written Program – Routine calibration or verification at suitable intervals – Control of inspection, measuring and test equipment. – Calibration procedures including specific directions and limits for accuracy and precision – Deviation or discrepancies should be investigated – Traceable Calibration Standards – Calibration records – Visible Calibration status Please contact Dr Fadhl to use this material

What to TEST for? • Performance Testing • Safety Testing Please contact Dr Fadhl to use this material

When to test • On newly acquired equipment prior to being accepted for use • During routine planned preventative maintenance. • After repairs have been carried out on equipment.

Need for Medical Equipment Testing • Medical device incidents resulting in patient injury and death • Ensure that the equipment is performing to the expected standards of accuracy, reliability, free of hysteresis and linear (as designed). • Safe and effective devices need to be available for patient care – Downtime costs money • Regulations, accreditation requirements and standards. Please contact Dr Fadhl to use this material

Why do we do electrical safety? • Ensure patient safety – Protect against macroshock – Protect against microshock • Test for electrical internal breakdown / damage to power cord, AC mains feed, etc. • Meet codes & standards – AAMI, IEC, UL, NFPA, etc. • Protect against legal liability – In case of a patient incident

International Electrotechnical Commission • The International Electrotechnical Commission[1] (IEC) is a non-profit, nongovernmental international standards organization that prepares and publishes International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies – collectively known as "electrotechnology".

International Electrotechnical Commission • IEC standards cover a vast range of technologies from power generation, transmission and distribution to home appliances and office equipment, semiconductors, fibre optics, batteries, solar energy, nanotechnology and marine energy as well as many others. • The IEC also manages three global conformity assessment systems that certify whether equipment, system or components conform to its International Standards.

International Electrotechnical Commission • Today, the IEC is the world's leading international organization in its field, and its standards are adopted as national standards by its members. The work is done by some 10 000 electrical and electronics experts from industry, government, academia, test labs and others with an interest in the subject. • They also first proposed a system of standards, the Giorgi System, which ultimately became the SI, or Système International d’unités (in English, the International System of Units).

IEC, ISO, ITU, IEEE • The IEC cooperates closely with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). In addition, it works with several major standards development organizations, including the IEEE with which it signed a cooperation agreement in 2002, which was amended in 2008 to include joint development work. • Other standards developed in cooperation between IEC and ISO are assigned numbers in the 80000 series, such as IEC 82045 -1.

List of IEC standards • IEC standards have numbers in the range 60000– 79999 and their titles take a form such as IEC 60417: Graphical symbols for use on equipment. The numbers of older IEC standards were converted in 1997 by adding 60000, for example IEC 27 became IEC 60027.

List of IEC standards IEC 60027 Letter symbols to be used in electrical technology. . . IEC 60034 Rotating electrical machinery IEC 60038 IEC Standard Voltages IEC 60044 Instrument transformers IEC 60050 International Electrotechnical Vocabulary IEC 60062 Marking codes for resistors and capacitors IEC 60063 Preferred number series for resistors and capacitors IEC 60065 Audio, video and similar electronic apparatus - Safety requirements • IEC 60068 Environmental Testing • IEC 60071 Insulation Co-ordination • IEC 60073 Basic Safety principles for man-machine interface, marking and identification • • http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards

List of IEC standards • IEC 60601 Medical Electrical Equipment • IEC 62304 Medical Device Software Life Cycle Processes • IEC 62366 Medical devices—Application of usability engineering to medical devices • IEC 62464 Magnetic resonance equipment for medical imaging http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards

IEC 60601 -x-xx • – the IEC 60601 -1 -xx series of collateral standards for MEDICAL ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT; • – the IEC 60601 -2 -xx series of particular standards for particular types of MEDICAL • ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT; and • – the IEC 60601 -3 -xx series of performance standards for particular types of MEDICAL ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT.

IEC 60601 -x-xx • IEC 60601 -1 -2, Medical electrical equipment – Part 1 -2: General requirements for safety Collateral standard: Electromagnetic compatibility – Requirements and tests • IEC 60601 -1 -3, Medical electrical equipment – Part 1: General requirements for safety – 3. Collateral standard: General requirements for radiation protection in diagnostic X-ray equipment

IEC 60601 -x-xx • IEC 60601 -1 -6, Medical electrical equipment – Part 1 -6: General requirements for safety Collateral standard: Usability • IEC 60601 -1 -8, Medical electrical equipment – Part 1 -8: General requirements for safety Collateral standard: General requirements, tests and guidance for alarm systems in medical electrical equipment and medical electrical systems

Physiological Effects of Electricity The human body can easily detect macroshock and violent reactions occur to high current flow level in the body… Below 1 ma (1, 000 µa), it is often much more difficult to detect the presence of a shock hazard from simple perception…

Classes and types of medical electrical equipment • Equipment Class{I, III} method of protection against electric shock • Equipment Type{B, BF, CF} degree of protection

Classes and types of medical electrical equipment • All electrical equipment is categorised into classes according to the method of protection against electric shock that is used. For mains powered electrical equipment there are usually two levels of protection used, called "basic" and "supplementary" protection. The supplementary protection is intended to come into play in the event of failure of the basic protection.

Class I • Class I equipment has a protective earth. The basic means of protection is the insulation between live parts and exposed conductive parts such as the metal enclosure. • In the event of a fault that would otherwise cause an exposed conductive part to become live, the supplementary protection (i. e. the protective earth) comes into effect. A large fault current flows from the mains part to earth via the protective earth conductor, which causes a protective device (usually a fuse) in the mains circuit to disconnect the equipment from the supply.

Class I

Class I • term referring to electrical equipment in which protection against electric shock does not rely on BASIC INSULATION only, but which includes an additional safety precaution in that means are provided for ACCESSIBLE PARTS of metal or internal parts of metal to be PROTECTIVELY EARTHED

CLASS II • term referring to electrical equipment in which protection against electric shock does not rely on BASIC INSULATION only, but in which additional safety precautions such as DOUBLE INSULATION or REINFORCED INSULATION are provided, there being no provision for protective earthing or reliance upon installation conditions

Class II

Class III equipment • Class III equipment is defined in some equipment standards as that in which protection against electric shock relies on the fact that no voltages higher than safety extra low voltage (SELV) are present. SELV is defined in turn in the relevant standard as a voltage not exceeding 25 V ac or 60 V dc. In practice such equipment is either battery operated or supplied by a SELV transformer.

• If battery operated equipment is capable of being operated when connected to the mains (for example, for battery charging) then it must be safety tested as either class I or class II equipment. Similarly, equipment powered from a SELV transformer should be tested in conjunction with the transformer as class I or class II equipment as appropriate. • It is interesting to note that the current IEC standards relating to safety of medical electrical equipment do not recognise Class III equipment since limitation of voltage is not deemed sufficient to ensure safety of the patient. All medical electrical equipment that is capable of mains connection must be classified as class I or class II. Medical electrical equipment having no mains connection is simply referred to as "internally powered".

Equipments Type different pieces of medical electrical equipment {APPLIED PARTS} have different areas of application and therefore different electrical safety requirements. For example, it would not be necessary to make a particular piece medical electrical equipment safe enough for direct cardiac connection if there is no possibility of this situation arising.

Normative Reference Page 371 • Current density and electrically induced ventricular fibrillation. Medical Instrumentation, January-February 1973, Vol. 7, No. 1. • WATSON, AB. and WRIGHT, JS. , Electrical thresholds for ventricular fibrillation in man. Medical Journal of Australia, June 16, 1973.

Terminology and definitions • http: //www. 601 help. com/Disclaimer/glossary. html#Protective. Earth. Terminal

Terminology and definitions • • L 1 Hot L 2 Neutral Earth Ground Mains Line Voltage Applied Parts Patient Leads Enclosure/Case Chassis Protective Earth Ground Wire Earth Leakage Current Leakage in Ground Wire

Terminology and definitions • Enclosure Leakage Chassis Leakage • Patient Leakage Lead Leakage • Patient Auxiliary Leakage between Patient Leads • Mains on Applied Parts Lead Isolation • Insulation Resistance Dielectric Strength or Insulation Resistance between Hot and Neutral to Ground • Earth Resistance Ground Wire Resistance

R. M. S and Peak to Peak Vrms is the value indicated by the vast majority of AC voltmeters. The RMS value of an alternating voltage or current is the same as the level of direct voltage or current that would be needed to produce the same effect in an equal load. For example, 1 V applied across a 1 Ω resistor produces 1 W of heat. A 1 Vrms square wave applied across a 1 Ω resistor also produces 1 W of heat. That 1 Vrms square wave has a peak voltage of 1 V, and a peak-to-peak voltage of 2 V.

Calculate RMS ≈ 0. 707 Vpk

• RMS is a sort of average and peak is the top level • A peak is an instant reading - RMS is an "average" reading. RMS means to take the root of the mean and square it. • RMS value is the DC equivalent value to an AC stream. • The RMS value of an alternating voltage or current is the same as the level of direct voltage or current that would be needed to produce the same effect in an equal load.

Crest Factor • The Crest Factor is equal to the peak amplitude of a waveform divided by the RMS value. • Electrical engineering — for describing the quality of an AC power waveform

Applied Part No applied part table Parts that contact PATIENTS Applied Part A part of the equipment which in normal use: necessarily comes into physical contact with the patient for the equipment to perform its function; or can be brought into contact with the patient; or needs to be touched by the patient

Accessible Part • Part of equipment which can be touched without the use of a tool. • EXAMPLE 1 Illuminated push-buttons • EXAMPLE 2 Indicator lamps • EXAMPLE 3 Recorder pens • EXAMPLE 4 Parts of plug-in modules • EXAMPLE 5 Batteries •

Leakage currents • Current that is not functional. • several different leakage currents are defined according to the paths that the currents take. • Earth Leakage Current • Enclosure Leakage Current • Patient auxiliary current

Causes of Leakage currents • If any conductor is raised to a potential above that of earth, some current is bound to flow from that conductor to earth. • The amount of current that flows depends on: 1 - the voltage on the conductor. 2 - the capacitive reactance between the conductor and earth. 3 -the resistance between the conductor and earth.

EARTH LEAKAGE CURRENT • current flowing from the MAINS PART through or across the insulation into the PROTECTIVE EARTH CONDUCTOR

EARTH LEAKAGE CURRENT • Under normal conditions, a person who is in contact with the earthed metal enclosure of the equipment and with another earthed object would suffer no adverse effects even if a fairly large earth leakage current were to flow. This is because the impedance to earth from the enclosure is much lower through the protective earth conductor than it is through the person. However, if the protective earth conductor becomes open circuited, then the situation changes. Now, if the impedance between the transformer primary and the enclosure is of the same order of magnitude as the impedance between the enclosure and earth through the person, a shock hazard exists.

EARTH LEAKAGE CURRENT Measurement

Measurement of earth leakage current

Enclosure leakage current / touch current • LEAKAGE CURRENT flowing from the ENCLOSURE to earth or to another part of the ENCLOSURE through a conductor other than the protective earth conductor.

Enclosure leakage current/ touch current

Measurement of enclosure leakage current

Patient leakage current • Patient leakage current is the leakage current that flows through a patient connected to an applied part or parts. • It can either flow from the applied parts via the patient to earth or from an external source of high potential via the patient and the applied parts to earth.

Patient leakage current

Measurement of patient leakage current

Measurement of patient leakage current

Patient auxiliary current • The patient auxiliary current is defined as the current that normally flows between parts of the applied part through the patient, which is not intended to produce a physiological effect

Patient auxiliary current

Measurement of patient auxiliary current.

Mains on applied parts

Protective Earth Continuity • The resistance of the protective earth conductor is measured between the earth pin on the mains plug and a protectively earthed point on the equipment enclosure (see figure 6). The reading should not normally exceed 0. 2Ω at any such point. The test is obviously only applicable to class I equipment.

Protective Earth Continuity • In IEC 60601, the test is conducted using a 50 Hz current between 10 A and 25 A for a period of at least 5 seconds. Although this is a type test, some medical equipment safety testers mimic this method. Damage to equipment can occur if high currents are passed to points that are not protectively earthed, for

• • Applicable to Class I, all types Limit: 0. 2Ω DB 9801 recommended? : Yes, at 1 A or less. HEI 95 recommended? : Yes, at 1 A or less. Notes: Ensure probe is on a protectively earthed point

Insulation Tests Class I • HEI 95 and DB 9801 recommended that for class I equipment the insulation resistance be measured at the mains plug between the live and neutral pins connected together and the earth pin. Whereas HEI 95 recommended using a 500 V DC insulation tester, DB 9801 recommended the use of 350 V DC as the test voltage.

• • • Applicable to Class I, all types Limits: Not less than 50 MΩ DB 9801 recommended? : Yes HEI 95 recommended? : Yes Notes: Equipment containing mineral insulated heaters may give values down to 1 MΩ. Check equipment is switched on.

Insulation Tests Class II • HEI 95 further recommended for class II equipment that the insulation resistance be measured between all applied parts connected together and any accessible conductive parts of the equipment. The value should not normally be less than 50 MΩ (see figure 10).

Leakage current summary • The following table summarises the leakage current limits (in m. A) specified by IEC 60601 -1 (second edition) for the most commonly performed tests. Most equipment currently in use in hospitals today is likely to have been designed to conform to this standard, but note that the allowable values of earth leakage current have been increased in the third edition of the standard as discussed above.

Leakage current summary • The following table summarises the leakage current limits (in m. A) specified by IEC 60601 -1 (second edition) http: //www. ebme. co. uk/arts/safety/part 6. htm

Limitation of voltage, current or energy(87)

Electrical Safety Tests • • • • Available electrical safety tests include: Mains Voltage Dual Lead Leakage Current Consumption Insulation Resistance http: //www. ebme. co. uk/arts/safety/part 6. htm Protective Earth Resistance Earth Leakage Current Enclosure Leakage Current Patient Leakage Current Mains on Applied Part Leakage Patient Auxiliary Current Accessible Voltage Accessible Leakage Equivalent Device Leakage Equivalent Patient Leakage

How to measure resistance? Proper grounding is the best defense against macroshock & microshock! The 2 -terminal method is less accurate due to the effects of test lead resistance, especially with long leads and low resistance value measurements. The much preferred 4 -terminal “Kelvin” technique negates the effects of test lead resistance and gives more accurate readings…

An Introduction to Safety Analyzer Electrical Shock Hazard • A common experience due to electric shock • Associated with equipments • Electric current can flow through the human body either – Accidentally or Intentionally • Other reasons of electric shock include – Careless use of electricity – Usage of faulty cords and appliances – Lack of concept/Faulty design – Relied upon life support devices (Pace maker/ respirators)

An Introduction to Electric Shock Hazard Electrical Shock Hazard • Use of medical equipments in conjunction with other instruments and equipments • Environmental conditions • Patient/Operator not realizing potential hazards • 2 situations account hazards from electric shock – Gross shock – Micro - current shock

An Introduction to Electric Shock Hazard Gross shock • Experienced by the subject by an accidental contact with electric wiring at any point on the surface of the body • Current flows through the body of the subject (ex. from arm to arm) • Body acts as a volume conductor at the mains frequency • Degree of simulation varies from individual to individual

An Introduction to Electric Shock Hazard Micro - current shock • Current passes directly through the heart wall • Thresholds of sensation of electric currents differ widely • Greater % of current may flow via the arterial system directly through the heart • Requires much less currents to produce ventricular fibrillation – EX. Catheter laboratory or operating room where patient connected to catheter in the heart • Here patients have very little resistance to electric currents

Physiological Effects of Electricity

Tissue Resistance • Skin - 5000 ohms/cm 2 • Blood - 100 ohms/cm 2 • Muscle - 200 -400 ohms/cm 2 • Fat - 2000 -3000 ohms/cm 2 • Bone - 3000+ ohms/cm 2 Current goes to the path of least resistance

An Introduction to Electric Shock Hazard Leakage Current • Inherent flow of non functional current from live electric parts of instrument to accessible metal parts • Usually flow through 3 rd wire connection to ground • Magnitude of leakage current is determined by the value of the capacitance present • Originates due to capacitive coupling from the power transformer primary to other parts of the transformer (or instruments)

An Introduction to Electric Shock Hazard Types of Leakage Current • Enclosure leakage current: Current flows in normal condition from the enclosure (or part of enclosure) through a person in contact with an accessible part of enclosure to earth (or another part of the enclosure) • Earth leakage current: Current flows in normal condition to earth from main parts of apparatus via earth conductor • Patient leakage current: Current flows through patient from or to applied parts of the patient circuits

An Introduction to Electric Shock Hazard Effects of Electric Current on Human Body • Threshold of perception of electric shock is about 1 m. A • Tingling sensation is felt when contacted with electrified object through intact of skin • As magnitude of alternating current is increased – Tingling sensation leads to contraction of muscles – Muscular contraction increases – Finally value of current is reached where grip of current cannot be released

An Introduction to Electric Shock Hazard Effects of Electric Current on Human Body • Let -go- current: the max. current at which the subject is still capable of releasing a conductor by using muscles – Here individual can withstand with no serious effects – Average let go current for males- 16 m. A, females-10. 5 m. A, approx. 9 -6 m. A for both. • Hold-on-type: A current level higher than let go current, the subject looses ability to control his own muscle action and unable to release grip on the conductor – Such currents are very painful and hard to bear – Physical injury is caused b currents in range of 20 -100 m. A • A very high currents (6 amperes and above) lead to – Temporary respiratory paralysis – Serious burns

An Introduction to Electric Shock Hazard Recommendations of IEC • International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) • Continuous medical equipment current should not exceed 100 u. A • Should be with in a frequency range of 0 to 1 k. Hz • In abnormal situations recommended max. current is 500 u. A • Should be in a frequency upto 1 k. Hz • Above 1 k. Hz max increases is proportionally with frequency

An Introduction to Electric Shock Hazard Precautions • Use apparatus or appliances with three wire power cord • Provide isolated input circuits on monitoring equipment • Have periodic checks of ground wire continuity • No other equipment to be connected when patient monitoring equipment is connected • Clearly mark functional controls • Take care of adapter plugs that do not ensure proper grounding circuit • Direct operating instructions to the operators • Maintaining voltage differences

Macroshock and Microshock

History • The expansion of technology was unregulated, and unexplained deaths in hospitals were attributed by some to electrical shocks • Studies showed that electrical shock risks were the greatest when the patient had conductors internal to the body • If a conductive catheter is placed in the heart, 100 micro amps at 60 Hz can cause fibrillation of heart and death

Automated Electrical Safety Analyzer 601 PRO Series XL – Fluke Biomedical

601 PRO Series XL Standard Features • The most advanced Electrical Safety Analyzer on the market • EN 60601 -1, EN 601010 -1, and AAMI & ESI test loads (user selectable) into one device • The One-Touch-Testing user interface • Allows user to perform rapid tests on various medical devices • Multiple enclosure-leakage points • Multiple patient-applied-part types

601 PRO Series XL Standard Features Power ON/OFF delay DC only for patient- and auxiliary-leakage tests User-programmable test sequences Offers manual, auto, step, and computercontrol mode operations • ASCII data transfer • Memory for up to 1000 device-information records • Conducts electrical safety testing in accordance with IEC 601 -1, VDE 751, VDE 701, HEI 95, IEC 1010, AAMI, and AS/NZS 3551 requirements • •

601 PRO Series XL Standard Features • Flags failures, and simulates performance, ECG, and arrhythmia, waveforms. • Results automatically analyzed and saved in nonvolatile memory • Accepts device information that is input using an – External keyboard, – Integrated keypad, – Barcode keyboard wedge Optional Feature • Onboard thermal printing

Specifications 601 PRO Series XL Voltage Insulation Resistance Current Consumption Range: 0 to 300 V True RMS (single and dual lead) Accuracy: DC - 100 Hz ± 1. 5 % of reading ± 1 LSD Range: 0. 5 to 400. 0 MΩ Accuracy: ± 5 % of reading ± 2 LSD Range: 0 to 15 A ac True RMS Accuracy: ± 5 % of reading ± 2 LSD Mains on Applied Voltage: ≥ 110 % of mains voltage Part Protective Earth Resistance Accuracy: ± 2 % of reading ± 6 µA Range: 0. 000 to 2. 999 Ω Accuracy: ± 5 % of reading ± 4 mΩ (1 A, 10 A, and 25 A test currents) (Refer to Operator’s Manual for additional specs qualifying the effects on accuracy of variations in load inductance and phase angle. ) Supply Voltage 90 to 265 Vac, auto switching

Specifications 601 PRO Series XL IEC 601 -1 and AAMI Leakage Currents ECG Simulation and Performance Testing Range: 0 to 8000 µA True RMS Accuracy: (per IEC 601 -1 or AAMI filter), -DC - 1 k. Hz ± 1 % of -reading ± 1 µA -1 to 100 k. Hz ± 2 % of reading ± 1 µA - 100 k. Hz to 1 MHz ± 5 % of reading ± 1 µA DC-Only Frequency Response: DC - 5 Hz (approx) ECG Complex: 30, 60, 120, 180, 240 BPM Performance Pulse: 30, 60 BPM, 63 ms pulse width 600 to 700 µs rise and fall time Sine Waves: 10, 40, 50, 60, 100 Hz Square Wave: 0. 125, 2. 000 Hz (50 % duty cycle) Triangle Wave: 2 Hz, 2 m. V Dimensions 16. 62 in L x 11. 75 in W x 5. 56 in H Weight 17 lb / 7. 7 kg

601 PRO Series XL Available electrical safety tests ü Mains Voltage ü Dual Lead Leakage ü Current Consumption ü Insulation Resistance ü Protective Earth Resistance ü Earth Leakage Current ü Enclosure Leakage Current ü Patient Leakage Current ü Mains on Applied Part Leakage ü Patient Auxiliary Current ü Accessible Voltage ü Accessible Leakage ü Equivalent Device Leakage ü Equivalent Patient Leakage

601 PRO Series XL Accessories • • Probe/Safety Lead, Red - 1 Probe/Safety Lead, Black - 1 Adapter, Banana/Alligator - 5 Operators Manual - 1 Large Clamp, Red - 1 Warranty Card - 1 Printer Paper Roll (original) - 1 Printer Paper Roll (new style) - 1

601 PRO Series XL Optional Accessories • • • Carry Case RS 232 Cable (9 M-9 F) Printer Cable Barcode, Keyboard, Wedge Adapter, Banana, ECG Keyboard English Powercord Set Australian Powercord Set Schuko Powercord Set US 120 V Powercord Set UK

601 PRO Series XL System Characteristics • Keys grouped by color and functionality • Red keys -used to access menu options – Include previous key, the four SOFT KEYS, and the enter key • Black keys -gain access to additional functions – Include the esc/stop key, the view present settings key, the print header key, and the print data key.

601 PRO Series XL Setting Up the 601 PRO 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Using Factory Default Settings Selecting the Test Standard Selecting the Printer Output Selecting the RS 232 Baud Rate Activating the Beeper Setting the Time and Date

601 PRO Series XL Setting Up the 601 PRO 7. Configuring the Enclosure Leakage for the Auto mode Sequence 8. Selecting Language Options 9. Selecting the DC Option 10. Selecting the Auto/Step Tests: Controlled Power Sequences or 601 CE Conventional Test 11. Sequences enabling Stop on Failure 12. Configuring for Device Records or Templates

601 PRO Series XL Manual Mode 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Connecting the Device Under Test The Power-Up Sequence Selecting the Test Standard Selecting the Class/Type Saving Standard, Class, Type and Test Current 6. Using View Present Settings 7. Manual Operation

601 PRO Series XL Auto/Step Modes 1. Selecting Auto or Step Mode Testing 2. Executing Auto and Step Mode Tests 3. Creating/Editing a Device Record or Template

601 PRO Series XL Test Records 1. Sending Test Results from the 601 PRO to the Host 2. Computer 3. Test Data Record: Serial Output 4. Printing Test Records 5. Deleting Test Records

601 PRO Series XL Device Records and Templates 1. Connecting the 601 PRO and the Host Computer 2. Sending Device Information Records from the 601 PRO to the Host Computer 3. Receiving Device Information Records from the Host computer 4. Device Information Record: Definition of Fields 5. Device Information Record Format 6. Deleting Device Records and Templates

601 PRO Series XL Testing Devices 1. Permanently Wired Devices 2. Portable Devices 3. Portable Devices in Isolated Power Systems 4. Testing Three-Phase Portable Devices 5. Testing Conductive Surfaces 6. Detachable Power Supply Cable 7. Battery-Powered Equipment

601 PRO Series XL Standards and Principles 1. Accessing System Setup 2. Selecting the Test Standard 3. Referring to Test Limits for the Selected Standard