CAD CAM in Dentistry Contents 1 Introduction 2

CAD / CAM in Dentistry

Contents: 1 - Introduction 2 -components CAD/CAM -Scanner -Design software -Processing devices (Milling) 3 -The process of CAD/CAM 4 -Applications using in CAD/CAM -Dental implants -Dental bridge -Dental veneer 5 -Advantages of CAD/CAM

Introduction to CAD / CAM *CAD / CAM technology is a technique in the field of dentistry and fittings, It was used in the middle of 1980 AD, used to design computer -assisted fittings to improve its design and construction, especially dental teeth, including crowns, fixed bridges, phener veneers, dental implants, dental dentures (Fixed or removable). *CAD/CAM (computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing) refers to computer software that is used to both design and manufacture products. *CAD is refer to the use of computer technology for design *CAM software uses the models and assemblies which is created in CAD software to generate tool paths that drive the machines that turn the designs into physical parts.

*It has gained popularity and confidence of the profession and patients alike. It has provided ease, comfort, and quality of restoration to both the dentists and dental lab technician. Moreover, restorations which are being produced through cad cam these days, are more durable, more marginally adaptive, more esthetically pleasing and more faster in fabrication as compared to the conventional restorations. But despite of these advantages, cost is the major issue which has limited its use. Because of the financial constraints, in the under developed countries, dentists are still reluctant in using cad cam However, one should not overlook the benefits which CAD CAM provides.

CAD/CAM COMPONENTS Scanner a) Optical scanners b) Mechanical scanner. Design software. Processing devices- 3 -axis devices 4 -axis devices 5 -axis devices

SCANNER: Data collection tools that measure three D jaw and tooth structures and transform them into digital data sets. a) Optical scanners : The basis of this type of scanner is the collection of threedimensional structures in a so-called triangulation procedure The source of light (e. g. laser) and the receptor unit in a definite angle in their relationship to one another Through this angle the computer three-dimensional data set from the image on the receptor unit.

d) Mechanical scanner : Working on taking three-dimensional images of a template to be placed on the patient's jaw and then insert this template inside the device after the data is sent to the design device Drawbacks 1 -Very expensive. 2 -Long processing times compared to optical systems.

Design software Computer-aided design (CAD) involves creating computer models defined by geometrical parameters. These models typically appear on a computer monitor as a three-dimensional representation of a part or a system of parts, which can be readily altered by changing relevant parameters As required

Processing devices (Milling) *The construction data produced with the CAD software converted into milling strips for the CAM-processing and finally loaded into the milling device *Processing devices are distinguished by means of the number of milling axes: 3 -axis devices 4 -axis devices 5 -axis devices.

Process general in the clinic and lab By Using CAD/CAM

The first step After decayed or broken areas of the tooth are corrected by the dentist An image (scan) is taken of the prepared tooth and the surrounding teeth. This image, called a digital impression, draws the data into a computer.

he Second step Proprietary software then creates a replacement part for the missing areas of the tooth, creating a viral restoration This is called reverse engineering. The software sends this virtual data to a milling machine

The third step where the replacement part is carved out of a solid block of ceramic or composite resin. Stains and glazes are fired to the surfaces of milled ceramic crown or bridge to correct the otherwise monochromatic appearance of the restoration. The restoration is then adjusted in the patient's mouth and cemented or bonded in place.

NOTE : Before third step we must put the molds. There are many types of molds according to the type of work required to put the mold

Applications using in CAD /CAM Some Applications using in cad cam: 1 -Dental implants 2 - Dental bridge 3 -Dental Veneer

1 -Dental implants: In the case where the loss of tooth, the patient resort to transplantation and be the appropriate tooth of transplantation is 18 years first is to bring an iron pillar works as an artificial root remain in the jaw bone from 3 to 5 months to be enough time to weld the bone that is under the jaw with implants should be Implants in a box intended to avoid bacterial infection and infections, then the tooth is made and measurements taken by the cadcam. The reports state that CAD/CAM manufactured prosthetics are expected to grow at double-digit rates, More dental laboratories are adopting the CAD/CAM technology, particularly due to falling prices of Dental CAD/CAM blocks and the appeal for faster and more accurate prosthetic manufacturing

These systems consist of three components: 1)data capture using optical systems or laser scanning, 2) CAD for the design of the restoration, and 3) produce the restoration through the information generated by computer. CAD/CAM abutments present the advantages of being specific to each patient and providing a better fit than the rest of abutments, in addition to being much more tough as they employ materials such as titanium, alumina and zirconium. In order to improve accuracy during implant placement we use stereo lithography to manufacture CAD/CAM surgical templates. Using this method. . although all the advantages and convenience of cad cam, success does not depend solely on its own technology because it involves several steps that must be implemented

2 - Dental bridge: The bridge is a fixed tooth structure (dental fixation) used to compensate for missing teeth by connecting the teeth by a horizontal bridge The process is done by preparing the foundations of the bridge. . It is prepared by carving teeth adjacent to tooth or teeth lost and make it similar to base on which to base the bridge Bridges are divided into several types: 1 -Capole bridges 2 - Bridges Maryland 3 -teeth moving bridges 4 - Aggression supported by agriculture 5 - Bridges supported by the crown Bridges are divided into several types according to their location in the

The role of cad cam in the process of manufacturing bridges After the adjoining teeth were lanced And has become a pillar of the ongoing process. The doctor takes a three-dimensional image with the scanner for age or blocked teeth and transfers it to the computer Then the doctor selects a rectangular piece of zircon material in accordance with the size of the crown or the natural bridge. . . and then orders are given from the computer program to a special drilling rig next to it. . To dig and polish the shape chosen. . In the end we get a panel or bridge proportional to the exact dimensions that were filmed in the mouth

While the permanent bridge is constructed, the dentist will put a temporary bridge to replace the permanent bridge until it is manufactured. This bridge will not only help restore the appearance of the patient, it will protect the functions of the teeth, and can help prevent damage to the reconstructed teeth. Once the bridge is finished, the patient will return to the dentist's office. At that time, the dentist will remove the temporary prostheses and place the permanent bridge. The doctor will use the dental adhesive to stabilize the crowns and install them in their exact position. The dentist will also install the bridge away from the gum tissue to prevent bacterial invasion. In the end most dentists do not recommend this procedure but in some cases it is the best option

3 -Dental Veneer Dental or so called dental contact lenses is a purely cosmetic procedure aimed at improving the appearance of teeth to get a beautiful smile and attractive smiles Hollywood artists. Phener is not a tooth whitening technique. It is a cosmetic veneer made from solid white clay materials in specialized laboratories that vary from person to person and are glued to the teeth from the outside to treat some problems related to dental beauty. The use of CAD/CAM to design a dental restoration is efficient and highly precise. Furthermore, the use of these systems to manufacture porcelain veneers allows the dentist to control the time as well as color, contour, and form. This treatment plan has the advantage of being conservative while providing great optical and esthetic results.

The first method for designing a restoration using CAD/CAM is the biog eneric mode, which uses a database of hundreds of teeth that have been imported as a ‘‘library of shapes and forms. ’’ The shape and form are chosen by the dentist to best serve the patient’s case. The second method of design is the correlation mode. This mode is recommended for duplicating a tooth in the patient’s mouth, to provide the ideal contours of the teeth to be scanned intraorally before preparation. In this case report, we opted for the correlation mode with modification because it involved a wax- up model, since the patient had no contour and optimal shape in her natural teeth

"Advantages of cad/cam" 1 -ease of use 2 -no second appointment 3 -the laboratory is not required 4 -No provisional restorations 5 -digital scans have the potential to be faster and easier than conventional impressions because casts, wax_ups, investing, casting and firing are eliminated. 6 -the fabricated restoration is of the same or higher quality than the laboratory fabricated restoration

7 -scans can be stored on the computer , whereas standard stone models take up space and can chip or break if stored improperly 8 -Increases The Accuracy Of Dental Engineering (With milling equipment, the accuracy is normally to around 50 micrometers. Accuracy is crucial as the restoration’s fit is the key to stopping damage to the tooth in the future. For instance, if a crown does not fit properly it could create a space between teeth or between the restoration and tooth preparation, which can make it more possible for decay or infection to occur)

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