C Introduction and Overview Introduction It can be

C++ Introduction and Overview

Introduction It can be seen from this picture that although this depicts a central figure, it consists of separate images which if arranged or assembled in a certain manner would form the portrait of Don Quixote de la Mancha Miguel de Cervantes’s hero of his epic novel. The concept of C++ programming can be likened to the painting with the use of objects in making the program structure. Forewarned, forearmed; to be prepared is half the victory. - Miguel de Cervantes

Training Objectives • Learn about the C++ history. • Understand the programming concepts that are implemented in the C++ language namely, Object Oriented Programming, Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism and others. • Get acquainted with the C++ Integrated Development Environment (IDE) and learn how to navigate through the menus and basic functions. • Learn to write, compile and run a basic C++ program.

What’s In It for Me After completing this course, you will understand how C++ works, know how to make a basic C++ program and run and compile it in the Integrated Development Environment (IDE). This will allow you to learn the fundamental skills to create C++ programs in the future and use similar programming techniques that are applied to other programming languages.

History of C++ § § § C++ originated from C which was Developed by AT&T in the late 1980 s. C was the most popular programming language for commercial software. For use in large-scale software development, C was modified to provide features and functions that facilitate object-oriented programming (OOP).

C & C++ C • Procedural Approach – program is performed step-by-step in a series • Structured Approach – program with a complicated engine is divided into several small subsets that are each performed separately, later building up to be the whole set. C++ • Applies/retains the key features of C and added Object Oriented Programming (OOP).

Object Oriented Programming • Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that uses "objects" and their interactions to design applications and computer programs. It is based on several techniques, including inheritance, modularity, polymorphism, and encapsulation. Many modern programming languages now support OOP.

OOP is… – a collection of cooperating objects, as opposed to the traditional view -- list of instructions to the computer. – each object is capable of receiving messages, processing data, and sending messages to other objects. – Gives strong emphasis on modularity, object oriented code is intended to be simpler to develop and easier to understand later on, lending itself to more direct analysis, coding, and understanding of complex situations and procedures.

OOP Techniques • Encapsulation • Inheritance • Polymorphism

Encapsulation • Encapsulation conceals the functional details of a class from objects that send messages to it. • For example, the Dog class has a bark() method. The code for the bark() method defines exactly how a bark happens (e. g. , by inhale() and then exhale(), at a particular pitch and volume). Timmy, Lassie's friend, however, does not need to know exactly how she barks. Encapsulation is achieved by specifying which classes may use the members of an object. The result is that each object exposes to any class a certain interface — those members accessible to that class.

Rationale: • The reason for encapsulation is to prevent clients of an interface from depending on those parts of the implementation that are likely to change in future, thereby allowing those changes to be made more easily, that is, without changes to clients. – For example, an interface can ensure that puppies can only be added to an object of the class Dog by code in that class.

Inheritance "Subclasses" are more specialized versions of a class, which inherit attributes and behaviors from their parent classes, and can introduce their own. • For example, the class Dog might have sub-classes called Collie, Chihuahua, and Golden. Retriever. In this case, Lassie would be an instance of the Collie subclass. Suppose the Dog class defines a method called bark() and a property called fur. Color. Each of its sub-classes (Collie, Chihuahua, and Golden. Retriever) will inherit these members, meaning that the programmer only needs to write the code for them once.

Example Each subclass can alter its inherited traits. • Collie class might specify that the default fur. Color for a collie is brown-and-white. • The Chihuahua subclass might specify that the bark() method produces a high-pitched by default. • Subclasses can also add new members. The Chihuahua subclass could add a method called tremble(). So an individual Chihuahua instance would use a high-pitched bark() from the Chihuahua subclass, which in turn inherited the usual bark() from Dog.

Polymorphism • “Poly” means many and “morph” form. • is the ability of objects belonging to different types to respond to method calls of the same name, each one according to an appropriate type-specific behavior. • In practical terms, polymorphism means that if class B inherits from class A, it doesn’t have to inherit everything about class A; it can do some of the things that class A does differently. This means that the same “verb” can result in different actions as appropriate for a specific class, so controlling code can issue the same command to a series of objects and get appropriately different results from each one.

Overriding and Overloading • If a Dog is commanded to speak(), this may elicit a Bark. However, if a Pig is commanded to speak(), this may elicit an Oink. They both inherit speak() from Animal, but their derived class methods override the methods of the parent class; this is Overriding Polymorphism. • Overloading Polymorphism is the use of one method signature, or one operator such as "+", to perform several different functions depending on the implementation. The "+" operator, for example, may be used to perform integer addition, float addition, list concatenation, or string concatenation. Any two subclasses of Number, such as Integer and Double, are expected to add together properly in an OOP language. The language must therefore overload the concatenation operator, "+", to work this way. This helps improve code readability

Getting Started with C++ Note: Since C++ was derived from the original C language, most programs created in C can still be compiled and run on C++. However, slight changes in the syntaxes of keywords may prevent some C programs from being executed.

Turbo C++ IDE

C++ Code #include <iostream. h> #include<conio. h> int main() { clrscr(); cout << “C++ is cool! n”; getch(); return 0; }

Compiling and Running • After typing the lines of code, press F 2 to save (or click File> Save). For this sample, name the program “cool. cpp” and then press Alt+F 9 to compile (or click Compile > Compile) to check for errors. • Press Ctrl+F 9 to run your program (or click Run > Run). If all goes well, your screen should look a little something like this.

Output C++ is cool!

C++ Integrated Development Environment

Integrated Development Environment (IDE)

Menu Item Shortcut Description File Alt+F Contains generally used commands like creating new files and opening and saving files Edit Alt+E Contains commands that can change your program content like moving several lines of code to another area or undoing an action. Search Alt+S Contains commands to run your program. Run Alt+R Contains commands to compile your program. Compile Alt+C Contains commands to compile your program. Debug Alt+D Contains commands that enable your to debug your program step-by-step in order to trace errors. Project Alt+P Menu contains commands that enable you to manage multiple projects. Options Alt+O Contains submenus that allow you to change the configuration of file directories, compilers, linkers, and coding environments Window Alt+W Contains commands that give control of the current window Help Alt+H Contains an index of help topics on keywords and functions used in C++