C 11 4 Civilizations of Southeast Asia Main
- Slides: 32
C 11. 4 - Civilizations of Southeast Asia Main Idea The early civilizations of Southeast Asia were influenced by geography and the cultures of India and China Objectives • What factors influenced early civilizations in the region of Southeast Asia? • What early kingdoms and empires developed in Southeast Asia?
I. Influences on Southeast Asia India and China shaped development; geography and trade also important
I. Influences on Southeast Asia • SE Asia divided in two parts—mainland SE Asia and island SE Asia • Mainland: modern nations of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, part of Malaysia • Island: Rest of Malaysia, Brunei, East Timor, Indonesia, Philippines, Singapore
A. Geography • Valleys, river deltas home to farming civilizations • Mountains in between limited contact • Islands surrounded by seas and straits; provided sources of food, travel, trade routes
B. Trade • Two important trade routes between India and China: Strait of Malacca, Sunda Strait • Control of these brought wealth, power
B. Trade • Monsoons, or seasonal winds, shaped trade • Winds blow northeast in summer, southwest in winter
B. Trade • Ships relied on monsoons to sail from place to place; had to wait in port until winds shifted to resume voyage • Many Southeast Asian port cities became important economic centers
B. Trade • By AD 100 s, Indian merchants had begun prosperous sea trade with SE Asia • Trade routes through Central Asia became more dangerous after fall of Han dynasty in AD 220
B. Trade • Seaborne trade between China, India increased • Traders passed through Southeast Asia; exchanged goods for local products
C. India and China • Indian influence spread through trade and missionaries - Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam • Many kingdoms adopted the religions, built temples in Indian style
C. India and China • Ideas on writing, science, government, etc. spread to SE Asia • Ancient Indian language, Sanskrit, came into wide use
C. India and China • Chinese influence spread by conquest, trade, migration • China controlled northern Vietnam at different times, strongly influenced the region
II. Early Kingdoms and Empires • Early kingdoms of SE Asia blended their cultures with influences from India and China to form unique societies
A. The Pagan Kingdom • AD 800 s, Burmans established kingdom of Pagan in Irrawaddy River valley • Anawrahta ruled 1044 to 1077, united much of what is now Myanmar • Pagan became center of Buddhist learning
A. The Pagan Kingdom Irrawaddy River valley Buddhist Stupas (shrines)
A. The Pagan Kingdom • Late 1200 s – Mongols demanded tribute but Pagan refused • Mongols crushed Pagan’s army and the king fled • The king was killed by his son, who paid the tribute but Pagan lost it’s power
B. The Khmer Empire • Khmer empire arose southeast of Pagan (modern Cambodia) • Early 800 s - Khmer conquered neighboring kingdoms, build great empire • Reached height between 850 and 1250, controlled much of SE Asia mainland • Grew prosperous from rice farming
B. The Khmer Empire
B. The Khmer Empire • Khmer Empire adopted Hindu, Buddhist beliefs • Capital city, Angkor, symbolized shape of Hindu universe • Built temple complexes at Angkor Wat • Cost of building projects and invaders caused the empire’s decline
Angkor Wat
C. Trading Kingdoms • Several kingdoms developed on islands of SE Asia • 750 to 850 - Kingdom of Sailendra on Java • 600 s to 1200 s - Srivijaya empire on Sumatra • Controlled sea trade through Malacca and Sunda straits
C. Trading Kingdoms
D. Vietnam • Vietnam strongly influenced by China • 111 BC - Han dynasty conquered northern VN • China periodically ruled for next 1, 000 years
D. Vietnam • Vietnamese forced to adopt Chinese language, clothing, hairstyles • Confucianism, Daoism influenced society • Adopted Chinese government features, including bureaucracy
D. Vietnam • AD 39 - Sisters Trung Trac and Trung Nhi raised army and drove out Chinese • Chinese regained control, but sisters heroes in VN today
D. Vietnam • Early 900 s, China’s Tang dynasty collapsed • 939, Vietnamese established kingdom of Dai Viet in northern VN • Chinese tried but failed to re-conquer VN • Mongols invaded in the 1200 s – VN defeated them and remained independent
D. Vietnam • Dai Viet sent tribute to China, but remained independent • 1285, Mongols invaded; defeated by Dai Viet prince Tran Quoc Toan, became a hero
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