Byzantine Empire Map Byzantine Islamic and Middle Ages

Byzantine Empire Map

Byzantine, Islamic and Middle Ages Key Events � � � � � 526 – 1204 Byzantine Era 526 – St Benedict Establishes Monasticism 527 -565 - Reign of Eastern Emperor Justinian and his wife Theodora 622 – Mohammed establishes Islam when fleeing from Mecca 700 – Traditional date of first book in English – Beowulf 711 -715 – Conquest of North Africa and Spain by Muslims/ Arab rule established in and around Mediterranean 726 – 843 – Iconoclasm – movement against the veneration (worship) of icons in Churches 768 – 814 – Reign of Charlemagne Dec. 25, 800 – Charlemagne becomes first Holy Roman Emperor 800 - 900 – Vikings raid northern Europe, Muslims invade Mediterranean, Magyars invade in the East

Byzantine, Islamic and Middle Ages Key Events � � � � � 800 – the book 1001 Arabian Nights first written 843 – restoration of the images to Eastern churches 1054 – Break between Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Church (The Great Schism) 1071 – Conquest of eastern Byzantine provinces by Seljuks 1095 -1099 – First Crusade called by Pope Urban II (Deus le volt!) 1095 -1307 – Era of the Crusades 1118 - First branch of warrior monks established – The Knights Templar – soon followed by the Hospitallers and Teutonic Orders 1204 – Crusaders pillage Constantinople 1304 – Establishment of the Inquisition during the Albigensian Crusade in France 1453 – Fall of Constantinople to the Turks – end of Byzantine Era

Byzantine Art Characteristics � Onion Domes � Pointed Arches � Gilded Mosaics � Ornate interiors � Patterned and inlaid floors � Slim people with small pointed feet � Small almond shaped faces, huge eyes

Map: Early Byzantine and medieval Constantinople.

Justinian as world conqueror (Barberini Ivory) mid-6 th century ivory 1 ft. 1 1/2 in. x 10 1/2 in. Most successful Byzantine Emperor – almost reconquered entire Western Empire Institutes from The Body of Civil Law by Justinian https: //sourcebooks. fordham. edu/source/ corpus 1. asp

Byzantine Art � � � Hagia Sophia 532 -537 Istanbul, Turkey Artist: Anthemius and Isodorus Built under the direction of Justinian Largest church of its time; this is the first use of a dome with pendentives

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Byzantine Art San Vitale � 526 – 547 � Ravenna, Italy � Typical octagonal shape occurs in Byzantine style, plain exterior, extravagant interiors �

Byzantine Art � � � Interior San Vitale 526 – 547 Ravenna, Italy The walls of the interior are covered from floor to ceiling with mosaics The amount of light and angle determines the colors and patterns you can see

Byzantine Art � � � Justinian Mosaic 547 Ravenna, Italy Byzantine mosaics are typically very colorful with a heavy use of gold – note Justinian has a halo (not a saint) He holds the bread (the host)

Byzantine Art Theodora Mosaic � 547 � Ravenna, Italy � Note the use of gold – note Theodora’s halo – she was no saint � She carried the cup of wine �

Byzantine. The Healing of the Blind, wall mosaic, Sant’Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna. ca. 500 CE.

Byzantine Art � Harbaville � 950 Triptych CE � Constantinople (Istanbul), Turkey � Part of a series of ivories; carved on all sides � Considered best example

Byzantine Art � � � St. Mark’s Square (Piazza San Marco) Begun 1063 Venice, Italy The bell tower was rebuilt in 19 th century due to its collapse Basilica is typical Byzantine style – onion domes, mosaic decorations

San Marco Basilica 1063 Venice, Italy Onion domes are typical as are exterior mosaics – heavy eastern influence

Byzantine Art � � � � Interior of Saint Mark’s (San Marco) 1063 Venice, Italy Heavy use of gold mosaic Intricately decorated marble patterned floors In typical Byzantine style in Greek Cross plan Church was built for a large community

Pala d’Oro from Saint Mark’s Cathedral Venice, Italy ca. 1105 gold cloisonné with precious stones Masterpiece of craftwork

Christ Pantocrator Cathedral at Monreale, Sicily, Italy ca. 1180 -1190 mosaic Entire apse is mosaic filled

Iconostasis Icons became a major controversy in the Church and it actually caused a division – as the fear of worshiping idols rather than deity occurred

Early Christian and Byzantine Art � The end. . . � Next lecture … � Early Middle Ages