Byzantine Empire 395 1453 Why do we care

Byzantine Empire: 395 -1453 • Why do we care? Buffer state, Western culture, Art/Architecture, Orthodox Christianity

Byzantine Empire: 395 -1453 • Byzantium—Constantine • How did the Byzantines survive? Absolute Monarchy Bureaucracy Intrigue/marriage/alliance • Who was Justinian? Accomplishments? • Discuss the architectural achievements of the Byzantines, including the Hagia Sophia. • Discuss the many problems and challenges facing the Byzantines. • How did the Byzantines help to preserve Greco-Roman culture?

Byzantine Empire • Justinian I r. 527 -565 Theodora Justinian’s Code Hagia Sophia Hippodrome • Decline Plague, Invasion, Debt 1453 Justinian Theodora

Justinian’s Code • Law: “That which seems good to the emperor has also the force of law…whatever the emperor ordains …decides in adjudging a cause, or lays down by edict, is unquestionably law” • Slavery: “…none of our subjects may use unrestrained violence towards their slaves, except for a reason recognized by law…The excessive severity of masters is also restrained …if the severity of masters should appear excessive, they might be compelled to make sale of their slaves upon” • Marriage: “…Roman citizens are bound together in lawful matrimony when they are united according to law… they must first obtain the consent of their parents, in whose power they are. ” • Freedom: “Freedom, from which men are said to be free, is the natural power of doing what we each please, unless prevented by force or by law. ”

Hagia Sophia Justinian presents model of the church, to the Virgin and Child. Constantine presents a model of Constantinople

Hippodrome

Byzantine Empire • Describe the beliefs and practices of the Orthodox Church. How do they compare to the Roman Catholic Church? • What led to the split between the Catholic and Orthodox churches? Make sure to note the terms excommunication and icons. Orthodox Christianity Caesaropapism (Justinian) Patriarchal Cities Icon/Iconoclast Controversy (8 th Cent. ) Great (East-West) Schism (1054) Cyrillic Alphabet Slavs

Virgin Pafsolype and Feast Scenes and the Crucifixion and Prophets (14 th Century) Frescoes in Nerezi near Skopje (1164) Virgin and Child Between Emperor John II Comnenus and Empress Irene (11 th Cent. )

S = Development and transformation of social structures • • Gender roles and relations Family and kinship Racial and ethnic constructions Social and economic classes P = political (State-building, expansion, and conflict) • • • Political structures and forms of governance Empires Nations and nationalism Revolts and revolutions Regional, trans-regional, and global structures and organizations • C = Development and interaction of cultures • • • Religions Belief systems, philosophies, and ideologies Science and technology The arts and architecture E = Creation, expansion, and interaction of economic systems • • • Agricultural and pastoral production Trade and commerce Labor systems Industrialization Capitalism and socialism I = Interaction between humans and the environment • • Demography and disease Migration Patterns of settlement Technology SPICE Themes

Kievan Rus • Describe the origin of Russian society in Kiev. Be sure to the Slavic peoples, geography, and the role of the Vikings in your description. • Who was Vladimir? What was the cause and result of his conversion to Orthodox Christianity? • Discuss Yaroslav’s achievements. What mistakes were made that led to Kiev’s decline? • Describe the conquest of Kiev by the Mongols.

Roman Collapse DBQ Directions: Complete the following tasks using the documents provided. 1. Read over each document. In the margin of your packet take notes indicating how each document can help us answer the question, “What were the primary reasons for the fall of Rome? ” 2. After reading the documents indicategories you would “group” each document into based on a particular cause of decline. For instance, which documents would fall under the category of “invasion? ” 3. Indicate which documents seem most useful and which you find less reliable. Include a brief notation as to why.

Roman Empire: Decline • Causes 1. Overextension 2. Economic Issues (Taxation, Inflation) 3. Political Succession 4. Invasion (assimilation) 5. Plagues 6. Agriculture

Middle Ages: 500 -1500 • Results of Collapse Political Fragmentation Disruption of Trade Fall of Cities Cultural Decline Education Romance Languages But not in the Eastern Mediterranean!!!!!

Early Middle Ages: 500 -1000 What’s in a name: Middle Ages? “Medieval” “Dark Ages” (c. 500 -1000) vs. “High” ie. Middle (c. 1000 -1200) vs. Late (c. 1200 -1500) Key Developments: 1. Restored political order—but decentralized as opposed to Rome 2. Economic recovery—really took shape by the late 10 th century (deforestation, technology, crop rotation, etc. ) 3. Roman Catholicism—unified culturally and often politically the western Europe

Early Middle Ages: 500 -1500 • Germanic “Successor” States • Visigoths (Spain), Ostrogoths (Italy) Lombards (Italy), Burgundians (Eastern France), Franks (France), Angles (Britain), Saxons (Britain), Jutes (Britain) • How did Roman culture influence the Germanic peoples? • What differences between Roman and Germanic society remained?

Early Middle Ages: the Franks • Clovis (r. 481 -511) • • Charles Martel • • Merovingian Dynasty Battle of Tours (732) Pepin the Short (r. 751 -768) • Donation of Pepin (756) • Carolingian Dynasty

Charlemagne Early Middle Ages: the Franks • Charlemagne (r. 771 -814) “Holy Roman Emperor” 800 CE Bureaucracy/Centralization Counts Missi Dominici “Carolingian Renaissance” Aachen

Early Middle Ages: the Franks • Sibling Dispute Treaty of Verdun (843) Fragmentation • Invasion Vikings Norsemen Magyars, Islamic • Contrast the reactions of the English, French, and Germans to the invasions. Who were King Alfred and Otto I? Normandy

Early Middle Ages: Feudal Society What is feudalism? Why is it so common in history (an even today)? • Who were lord’s and where did they come from? • Why would someone choose to be a vassal/retainer? Fief, “Oath of Fealty”, Homage ceremony Knights (Squire, Tournaments, Code of Chivalry) • What were the obligations of the serfs? Where did they come from? Free peasants, chattel slavery, serfs • What is a manor? Why was this economic arrangement necessary? Manorial system • How much power does the king have in this social and political organization?

King Protection Service Loyalty Fiefs Powerful Lord Lesser Lord Powerful Lord Protection Lesser Lord Knights Knights Knights Fiefs Peasants Lesser Lord Service Loyalty Peasants

S = Development and transformation of social structures • • Gender roles and relations Family and kinship Racial and ethnic constructions Social and economic classes P = political (State-building, expansion, and conflict) • • • Political structures and forms of governance Empires Nations and nationalism Revolts and revolutions Regional, trans-regional, and global structures and organizations • C = Development and interaction of cultures • • • Religions Belief systems, philosophies, and ideologies Science and technology The arts and architecture E = Creation, expansion, and interaction of economic systems • • • Agricultural and pastoral production Trade and commerce Labor systems Industrialization Capitalism and socialism I = Interaction between humans and the environment • • Demography and disease Migration Patterns of settlement Technology SPICE Themes

Early Middle Ages: Religion • Discuss the relationship that developed between the Franks and the Church. Arianism (nontrinitarian) vs. Roman Catholicism (Council of Nicaea) • What elements of pre-Christian religious traditions continued until about 1000? Paganism • Define papal/papacy. What role did Pope Gregory I (590 -604) play in the development of the papacy and the Catholic Church? Petrine Supremacy Sacraments Baptism, Holy Communion, Reconciliation (Penance), Anointing of the Sick (Extreme Unction), Matrimony, Holy Orders, Confirmation • How did religion impact the “medieval mindset? ” Medieval vs. Modern worldview

Matthew 16 15 “But what about you? ” he asked. “Who do you say I am? ” Simon Peter answered, “You are the Messiah, the Son of the living God. ” 16 Jesus replied, “Blessed are you, Simon son of Jonah, for this was not revealed to you by flesh and blood, but by my Father in heaven. 18 And I tell you that you are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church, and the gates of Hades will not overcome it. 19 I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven; whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth will be loosed in heaven. ” 20 Then he ordered his disciples not to tell anyone that he was the Messiah. 17

Early Middle Ages: Religion • Describe the origin and development of early monasticism. Silk Roads, Asceticism • What requirements did St. Benedict establish for monastic life? • How did monasteries serve as a “dominant” feature in social and cultural life? Gender Opportunities

St. Peter’s Chains —Rome, Italy St. Francis Xavier’s Humerus—Macao, China Burial Cloth of Jesus “Shroud of Turin” —Italy Relic of St. Demetrius (martyr)— Thessaloniki, Greece St. Irene (martyr) —St. Louis, Missouri

Early Middle Ages: Economic Growth • How did the 9 th & 10 th century invasions affect the economy of Europe? • Discuss the technological innovations in agriculture that led to increased productivity. • Although long distance trade seriously declined in Western Europe during the Early Middle Ages, what exceptions existed and with what results? • Describe demographic trends in Western Europe between 200 and 1000. High Middle Ages (1000 -1200)—cities, trade, Crusades, universities and then … plague