BY Tri Retno Wulan S Pd Cells are
* BY: Tri Retno Wulan, S. Pd
* Cells are the basic structural and functional unit of all living things * Robert Hooke (mid-1600 s) Observed sliver of cork Saw “row of empty boxes” Coined the term cell Cell; sel Basic: dasar Structural: struktur Functional: fungsi Living things: makhluk hidup Observe: observasi Sliver: irisan Cork: gabus Saw: melihat Row: deretan Empty: kosong Boxes: kotak Coined: membuat
Year scientist Contribution to cell theory 1808 Mirabel Reported that plants were composed of tissues that were composed of cell 1809 Lamarck Stated that cells of living organisms carried certain important functions 1824 R. J H Dutrochet Showed that ainimals and plants were composed of cells. These cells were united by and adhesive force 1826 Turpin Reported the process of cell division 1831 H. Von Mohi Explained cell division 18398 M. J Schleiden Explained the precense of nucleoli and proposed cell theory together with T. Schwann 1839 T. Schwann Applied cell theory in animals 1855 Rudolf Virchow Stated that all cells came from other cells or omnis-cellulae-cellula *
Procaryotic cell *First cell type on earth *Cell type of Bacteria and blue green algae *No membrane bound nucleus *Nucleoid = region of DNA concentration *Organelles not bound by membranes * Eukaryotic cell *Nucleus bound by membrane *Include fungi, protists, plant, and animal cells *Possess many organelles Firs: pertama Type: tipe Earth: bumi Bound : melindungi Region: area Include: termasuk possess: mempunyai
* How many organell?
* *Cellular machinery *Two general kinds * Derived from membranes * Bacteria-like organelle *Derived from symbiotic bacteria *Ancient association *Endosymbiotic theory * Evolution of modern cells from cells & symbiotic bacteria Machinery: mesin General: umum Kind: macam Derived: berasal Ancient: kuno Assosiation: berhubungan
* *Contains cell contents *Double layer of phospholipids & proteins Contain: terdiri atas Content: isi Duble: dobel Layer: lapisan 8
* *Polar *Hydrophylic head *Hydrophobic tail *Interacts with water Polar: kutub Head: kepala Tail: ekor Interact: timbal balik
* * A few molecules move freely * Water, Carbon dioxide, Ammonia, Oxygen * Carrier proteins transport some molecules Few: sedikit Move: bergerak Freely: bebas Carrier: membawa Embedded: menempel Fluid: cairan * Proteins embedded in lipid bilayer * Fluid mosaic model – describes fluid nature of a lipid bilayer with proteins
* 1. Channels or transporters * Move molecules in one direction 2. Receptors * Recognize certain chemicals 3. Glycoproteins * Identify cell type 4. Enzymes * Catalyze production of substances One direction: satu tujuan Recognize certain: mengenali pasti Substances: zat
* * Found in plants, fungi, & many protists * Surrounds plasma membrane * Plants – mostly cellulose * Fungi – contain chitin Found: ditemukan Plant: tanaman Fungi: jamur Surround: sekeliling Mostly : kebanyakan
* *Viscous fluid containing organelles * components of cytoplasm *Interconnected filaments & fibers *Fluid = cytosol *Organelles (not nucleus) * storage substances Viscous: kental Containig: mengandung Storage: penyimpanan
* *Filaments & fibers *Made of 3 fiber types *Microfilaments *Microtubules *Intermediate filaments * 3 functions: * mechanical support * anchor organelles * help move substances Made: dibuat Support: menyokong Anchor: jangkar
A = actin, IF = intermediate filament, MT = microtubule
*Provide motility *Cilia * *Short *Used to move substances outside human cells *Flagella *Whip-like extensions *Found on sperm cells * Basal bodies like centrioles *Bundles of microtubules *With plasma membrane Provide: memberikan Short: pendek Outside: luar Used to: digunakan Bundel: ikatan
* Pair: sepasang Division: dibagi *Pairs of microtubular structures *Play a role in cell division
* *Functional components within cytoplasm *Bound by membranes
* *Control center of cell *Double membrane *Contains *Chromosomes *Nucleolus
* *Separates nucleus from rest of cell *Double membrane *Has pores Rest: sisa lainnya Pore: pori
* *Hereditary material *Chromosomes * DNA * Protiens * Form for cell division * Chromatin Heredity: keturunan
* *Most cells have 2 or more *Directs synthesis of RNA *Forms ribosomes
* * Helps move substances within cells * Network of interconnected membranes * Two types * Rough endoplasmic reticulum * Smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Ribosomes attached to surface * Manufacture protiens * Not all ribosomes attached to rough ER * May modify proteins from ribosomes * No attached ribosomes * Has enzymes that help build molecules * Carbohydrates * Lipids
* * Involved in synthesis of plant cell wall * Packaging & shipping station of cell 1. Molecules come in vesicles 2. Vesicles fuse with Golgi membrane 3. Molecules may be modified by Golgi 4. Molecules pinched-off in separate vesicle 5. Vesicle leaves Golgi apparatus 6. Vesicles may combine with plasma membrane to secrete contents Involve: melibatkan diri Wall: dinding Packaging: bungkus Shipping: ekspedisi Vesicel: kantung Combine: kombinasi Secrete: sekresi Pinched: getas
* *Contain digestive enzymes *Functions * Aid in cell renewal * Break down old cell parts * Digests invaders Aid: bantuan Renewal: perpanjangainvader: penyerbu Break down: kerusakan
* *Membrane bound storage sacs *More common in plants than animals *Contents * Water * Food * wastes Sac: kantung Waste: sampah
* *Have their own DNA *Bound by double membrane
*Break down fuel molecules (cellular respiration) * Glucose * Fatty acids *Release energy * ATP *
* * Derived form photosynthetic bacteria * Solar energy capturing organelle * Takes place in the chloroplast * Makes cellular food – glucose Derived: berasal Capture: menangkap
* *Passive Transport *Active Transport *Endocytosis (phagocytosis & pinocytosis) *Exocytosis
* *No energy required *Move due to gradient * differences in concentration, pressure, charge *Move to equalize gradient * High moves toward low * 1. Diffusion 2. Osmosis Required: wajib Due: karena Pressure: tekanan Equalize: menyamakan Toward: terhadap 3. Facilitated diffusion
*Molecules move to equalize concentration *
* *Special form of diffusion *Fluid flows from lower solute concentration *Often involves movement of water * Into cell * Out of cell
* * solvent + solute = solution *Hypotonic * Solutes in cell more than outside * Outside solvent will flow into cell *Isotonic * Solutes equal inside & out of cell *Hypertonic * Solutes greater outside cell * Fluid will flow out of cell
* *Differentially permeable membrane *Channels (are specific) help molecule or ions enter or leave the cell *Channels usually are transport proteins (aquaporins facilitate the movement of water) *No energy is used *Protein binds with molecule *Shape of protein changes *Molecule moves across membrane
* *Molecular movement *Requires energy (against gradient) *Example is sodium-potassium pump
* *Movement of large material * Particles * Organisms * Large molecules *Movement is into cells * Types of endocytosis * bulk-phase (nonspecific) * receptor-mediated (specific)
* *Plasma membrane surrounds material *Edges of membrane meet *Membranes fuse to form vesicle *Phagocytosis – cell eating *Pinocytosis – cell drinking
* * Reverse of endocytosis * Cell discharges material * Vesicle moves to cell surface * Membrane of vesicle fuses * Materials expelled
End Chapter 5
- Slides: 46