By the third quarter of the sixteenth century

By the third quarter of the sixteenth century, sets of the four continent maps were popular as wall maps in private houses as a ‘description of the world in four parts. ’ From: David Woodward, “Mapping the World” in Anna Jackson and Amin Jaffer eds. , Encounters : The Meeting of Asia and Europe 1500 -1800

Martin Waldseemuller map, Universalis Cosmographia (1507)

“Slaves, Textiles, Opium: The Other Half of the Triangular Trade” • (1) Afro. Eurasian Consumption-Production and Atlantic Extensions • (2) Silver Circuits: From the Americas to Pacific-Indian Ocean and back to the Atlantic • (3) New Worlds: American Private Traders and Asia: 1750 -1850

Great Mosque of Xian, dating to the 7 th century • Huaisheng Mosque in Canton, dating to 7 th century

Afro. Eur. Asian Trade and Routes on the eve of 1490 • Indian Pacific Ocean Routes

Afro-Eurasian Trading Networks on the Eve of Coumbus-Da Gama: Marco Polo and Moroccan Ibn Battuta’s (1304 -1368) travels from Spain to Canton via Africa and India including the Maldives:

II Indian Trade Textile fragments found in Old Cairo 13 -th 15 th century: source: textilemuseum. org

• 貨, huo (goods) • 買/賣 mai-mai (buy/sell) • 貝 bi; (money) • Cowrie (from Hindi. Urdu kauri) producing seas of Indian-Pacific Ocean

Primary Transatlantic Slave Export Regions

(1764) Detail from "Concert in an Interior" by Antwerp-based Jan Jozef Horemans II American Copy of calico: Walters & Bedwell", this print is dated to 1775 -1776 Winterthur Museum • .

(2) Silver ( and Gold) Circuit: From the Americas to Pacific-Indian Ocean and back to the Atlantic

16 th century Portuguese and Spanish sea routes and primary ports of trade

Spanish Pacific 17 th century galleon trade map Legazpi controlled area in Philippines

from George Kuwayama: Chinese Ceramics in Colonial Mexico • Acapulco Harbor: Overland Acapulco-Veracruz connection

Spanish Galleon wreck of 1638, archaeological site near Saipan.

Spanish Galleon, by A. Durer ca 1500

Source: South African Institute for Advancement

Elihu Yale, 1649 -1721 ( governor of Fort St, George Madras, 1686 -1692) Madras had one of the largest slave trade markets in Asia, a center developed by the Dutch and British merchants. Yale attempted to curtail the kidnapping of children, and decreed that the slave had to be examined by the Fort officials before transportation.

January, 1699 “[The ship Fortune] returned from Madagascar [to New York], laden with East India goods… [Governor Bellomont] learned that two and twenty of the principal merchants of the town and several members with the Secretary and Clerk of the Council, were interested in the cargo…. ” April, 1699 New York-based William Kidd sailed back to Hispaniola from the Indian Ocean in the captured Quedah Merchant, the 400 -ton Indian-Armenian merchant ship leased to a royal trader, a cousin of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. Loaded with over 500 bales of textiles, silks, opium, saltpeter, sugar and gold and the cargo valued at £ 50, 000 (Rs. 440, 000), the ship was travelling from Bengal to Surat. June, 1699: [Governor Blasse, New Jersey] “I … took four of the persons suspected of piracy who confess that [they] have been on the coast of India and have taken several prizes there.

Seven Year’s War locations Source: Mark Kishlansky et. al, Civilization in the West (2005)

(3) New Worlds: American Private Traders and Asia: 1750 -1850

“A New and Accurate Map of Asia, ” (London, 1747) by Emanuel Bowen. 1770 edition hanging in John Brown house.

Modern History of Opium Atlantic and East India Co. (EIC) 1606: Elizabeth I’s charter ships are instructed bring back opium from India 1680: Invention of laudanum: (opium, sherry wine and herbs: medicinal and recreational 1773: EIC establishes opium monopoly in India 1800: The British Levant Company purchases a 1/2 of output of Symrna (Turkey) for import into Europe and US 1830: British recreational use of opium: 22, 000 lbs. 1840: New Englanders import 24, 000 lbs to US. Customs Duty on opium is started. Asia 1660 s: increase in use of opium in Persia and India for recreational use 1600 s-1700: Portuguese and Dutch introduce tobacco laced with opium to Batavia and China 1729: Qing Emperor prohibits smoking of opium, import only under license for medical use 1796 & 1799: Opium import and cultivation banned in China 1839: Ordered to surrender all opium, British warships fire on Canton, start Opium War.

Sir Charles D’Oyly , Watching Opium Being Weighed (1820 s)

“Into the Arms of Morpheus” • Morphine was isolated by German pharmacist Friedrich Serturner in 1805. He named the compound after Morpheus, the Greek god of dreams. • In the US, in 1896; 313, 000 opium addicts, mostly women, consuming laudanum and other forms of opium.

Chests of Opium Brought into China

Howqua II ( Wu Bingjian): 1769 -1843)