By Siofra and Sheena Kinematic analysis in healthy
By Siofra and Sheena
§ Kinematic analysis in healthy and hip-dysplastic German Shepherd dogs § The Veterinary Journal § Volume 195, Issue 2, Februaury 2013 § Authors: Agostinho FS. , Araujo FAP. , El-Warrack, . Miqueleto NSML. & Rahal SC.
• Normal versus Hip dysplastic GSD • Flexion and extension joint angles • Angular velocities shoulder, elbow, carpal, hip, stifle, tarsal joints
“The hypothesis was that dogs with hip dysplasia (HD) have differences in kinematic patterns, especially in the hind limbs. In addition, due to the body conformation traits and trot type, normal patterns of German Shepherd dogs (GSDs) are important for diminishing the variability. ”
§ 20 dogs § Group 1 (G 1): 6 males and 4 females; weight 27. 3 -46 kg, age 2 -7 yo Healthy – complete physical and orthopaedic exams and hip joint radiography § Group 2 (G 2): 5 males and 5 females; weight 29 -41. 6 kg, age 1 -5 yo Hip dysplasia (Bilateral) – radiographic evidence (OFA guidelines and Norberg angle) - no clinical signs § Dogs unable to trot on the treadmill where excluded and replace it § Acclimatisation to the treadmill was equal for every dog
Data collection § 11 retroflective spherical markers § Data collection via 3 camera system (sagittal plane) § Speed between 2. 1 -2. 2 m/s (normal trotting gait) § 5 complete strides were analysed for each dog § Minimum of 5 valid trials of 7 s duration § Recorded: 1. Gait cycle time 2. Stance time 3. Swing time Forelimbs and hind limbs
Normality test – Shapiro-Wilk test Parametric – Students t test Non-parametric - Mann-Whitney U test “Joint angles and angular velocities were evaluated between groups and sides. ” ØNo other design could have been chosen as the authors are comparing 2 specific situations
“Significant differences were observed in the maximum angular velocity and maximum angle of the hip joint between groups (dysplastic > healthy), and in the maximum angular velocity of the carpal joint (healthy > dysplastic)”
“No significant differences were observed between groups in gait cycle time, and stance time and swing time for both forelimbs and hind limb. ”
Healthy dogs compared to dysplastic dogs: § Have a less extended hip joint during both stance and swing phases; § Stifle joint extend less in stance phase § Carpal joint extended less in stance time § Shoulder flexes less in swing time No significant differences were noticed between left and right
§ The dysplastic dogs included in the study were only those able to trot on the treadmill and did not show lameness after the trial § Dogs were trotting for about 4 minutes in total, not enough to induce fatigue and therefore showing any significant abnormality in the kinematics § The study evaluated the kinematics variables in a sagittal plane, however the hip is sensitive to dysfunction in all 3 planes of movement § Skin and coat might have affect the markers’ position
§ “The joint angular velocity may reveal subtle alterations in joint motion that often are not identified by changes in joint angles. The more rapid extension of the hip joint in dysplastic dogs is probably a compensatory mechanism due to the osteoarthritic condition. ” ØLots of data to collect analyse and compare to make an efficient scientific research ØLot of control in choosing the sample to avoid ethical problems
Authors’ justification of the specific breed used: “extreme reach and extension that require a long stride with maximum bending of the joints. ” “[…] gross differences in kinematic patterns of the hind limb joints were detected between healthy Greyhounds and Labradors (Colborne et al. , 2005), and magnitude differences in some joints were observed between healthy Labradors and Rottweilers (Agostinho et al. , 2011)” ØFirst study considering both forelimbs and hindlimbs on a large breed with a condition, however other studies done on kinematics on other breeds/sized dogs
De. Camp, C. E. , (1997), Kinetic and Kinematic gait analysis and the assessment of lameness in the dog, Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice, 27(4), pp: 825 -840 ØGeneralised information about the dog as he does not focus on one breed ØCritical reviewing past studies in dogs and horses ØSame author used as a reference in describing the ROM of the stifle, from which is possible to identify abnormalities in the gait
Bockstahler, B. A. , Henninger, W. , Muller, M. , Mayrhofer, E. , Peham, C. and Podbregar, I. , (2007), Influence of borderline hip dysplasia on joint kinematics of clinically sound Belgian Shepherd dogs, American Journal of Veterinary Research, 69(3), pp: 271276 Ø 20 dogs Ø“Maximal angle velocity of the stifle and tarsal joints was significantly lower during the swing phase in group 1 than in group 2. […] This study revealed that dogs with borderline HD had altered joint kinematics. ”
Klinhom, S. , Chaichit, T. and Nganvongpanit, K. , (2015), A comparative study of range of motion of forelimb and hindlimb in walk pattern and trot pattern of Chihuahua dogs affected and non -affected with patellar luxation, Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 10(6), pp: 247 -259 ØStudy in both forelimbs and hindlimbs ØSmall dog breed ØDifferent pathology
Wachs, K. , Fischer, M. S. and Schilling, N. , (2016), Threedimensional movements of the pelvis and the lumbar intervertebral joints in walking and trotting dogs, The Veterinary Journal, 210, pp: 46 -55 Ø“Current knowledge of the physiological range of motion (ROM) in the canine axial system during locomotion is relatively limited. This is particularly problematic because dogs with back-related dysfunction frequently present for routine consultations. ” ØThey used 3 dogs of 1 breed
This article highlighted some of the consequences of GSD affected by HD carrying out a good experimental study; however even the authors suggested to keep experimenting and researching within the topic in order to rule out all the limitations and have detailed information about kinematics regarding different breeds and pathologies.
§ Assisi Loop (2013) Hip dysplasia showing progressive increase in joint space and joint wear. Digital image [Online] Available at: https: //www. assisianimalhealth. com/blog/2013/08/top-3 -german-shepherd-joint-and-hip-problems/ [Accessed on: 09/10/2018 § Bockstahler, B. A. , Henninger, W. , Muller, M. , Mayrhofer, E. , Peham, C. and Podbregar, I. , (2007), Influence of borderline hip dysplasia on joint kinematics of clinically sound Belgian Shepherd dogs, American Journal of Veterinary Research, 69(3), pp: 271 -276 § De. Camp, C. E. , (1997), Kinetic and Kinematic gait analysis and the assessment of lameness in the dog, Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice, 27(4), pp: 825 -840 § Dogtime. com (2018) German Shepherd Dog Breed Picture. Digital image [Online] Available at: https: //dogtime. com/dog- breeds/german-shepherd-dog#/slide/1 [Accessed on: 09/10/2018] § Miqueleto, N. S. M. L. , Rahal, S. C. , Agostinho, F. S. , Siqueira, E. G. M. , Araujo, F. A. P. and El-Warrak, A. O. , (2013), Kinematic analysis in healthy and hip-dysplastic German Shepherd dogs, The Veterinary Journal, 195, pp: 210 -21 § Klinhom, S. , Chaichit, T. and Nganvongpanit, K. , (2015), A comparative study of range of motion of forelimb and hindlimb in walk pattern and trot pattern of Chihuahua dogs affected and non-affected with patellar luxation, Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 10(6), pp: 247 -259 § pets 4 homes. co. uk (2018) German Shepherd Dog. Digital image [Online] Available at: https: //www. pets 4 homes. co. uk/images/articles/1177/large/treatment-options-for-hip-dysplasia-in-dogs-5270 ecd 3 ce 2 d 1. jpg [Accessed on: 09/10/2018]
§ The Veterinary Journal (2018). Cover Page. Digital image [Online] Available at: https: //www. journals. elsevier. com/the- veterinary-journal [Accessed on: 09/10/18] § Vectorstock. com (2018) Checklist on a Clipboard Icon. Digital Image [Online] Available at: https: //www. vectorstock. com/royalty-free-vector/checklist-on-a-clipboard-icon-cartoon-style-vector-11897635 [Accessed on: 27/10/18] § Veterian Key, (n/a), Canine anatomy, [online] available from https: //www. bing. com/images/search? view=detail. V 2&ccid=Dayr. Js 4 N&id=5 D 1 B 39 F 22 EB 17 DFEEABB 389749 EB 72 C 803 C 0 2 C 29&thid=OIP. Dayr. Js 4 NLq. Kz 5 m. OVx. WH_pw. Ha. KV&mediaurl=https%3 a%2 f%2 fveteriankey. com%2 fwpcontent%2 fuploads%2 f 2016%2 f 07%2 f. B 9781437703092000053_f 005 -089781437703092. jpg&exph=714&expw=512&q=canine+hinlimb+with+landmarks&simid=607986613745093178&selected. In dex=0&ajaxhist=0 [Accessed 26/09/18] § Veterian Key, (n/a), Canine anatomy, [online] available from https: //www. bing. com/images/search? view=detail. V 2&ccid=Gg. YDB 5 E 8&id=749971 ED 830676 F 689 E 30 DCB 6 D 9 B 300 C 4 DB 4 C 107&thid=OIP. Gg. YDB 5 E 8 -Ne. Wjc. Jn. Kdn_8 w. Ha. NV&mediaurl=http%3 A%2 F%2 Fveteriankey. com%2 Fwpcontent%2 Fuploads%2 F 2016%2 F 07%2 FB 9781437703092000053_f 005 -059781437703092. jpg&exph=724&expw=402&q=canine+hinlimb+with+landmarks&simid=608005550240106393&selectedin dex=0&ajaxhist=0&pivotparams=insights. Token%3 Dccid_m. I 8 Bz 9 KT*mid_C 1 A 3 DA 55 A 546 D 3 ED 280 E 4 D 1597, 883344137 A A 599*simid_608002277446978221*thid_OIP. m. I 8 Bz 9 KTagf. UVZ 18 V 92 IFAHa. Mv&iss=VSI, [Accessed 26/09/18] § Vetwest. com (2018). German Shepherd. Digital image [Online] Available at: https: //www. vetwest. com. au/pet-library/german -shepherd [Accessed on: 27/10/18] § Wachs, K. , Fischer, M. S. and Schilling, N. , (2016), Three-dimensional movements of the pelvis and the lumbar intervertebral joints in walking and trotting dogs, The Veterinary Journal, 210, pp: 46 -55
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