by Russell Krick Publisher The GoodheartWillcox Co Inc
by Russell Krick Publisher The Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Tinley Park, Illinois © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
© Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
q q q Tires Wheels Valve stems and cores Lug nuts, studs, and bolts Wheel weights Hub and wheel bearing assemblies © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
q Tires perform two basic functions: m act as a soft cushion between the road and the metal wheel m provide adequate traction (friction) with the road surface © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Tire Types q Pneumatic m filled with air m internal air pressure pushes out on the inside of the tire to support the vehicle q Tubeless tire m does not use an inner tube m tire and wheel form an airtight unit q Tube-type tire m uses an inner tube to hold air pressure © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Tubeless Tire © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Parts of a Tire © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Tire Rolling Resistance q Measurement of the amount of friction produced as the tire operates on the road surface q High rolling resistance increases fuel consumption and wear q Rolling resistance is reduced by higher inflation pressure, tire design, and a lighter vehicle © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Tire Construction q There are many design variations: m different numbers of plies may be used m plies may run at different angles m different materials may be used q Three types of tires used on automobiles: m bias ply tire m belted bias tire m radial tire © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Bias Ply Tire q Plies run on an angle from bead to bead q The angle is reversed from ply to ply q Does not use belts q The body of the tire flexes easily q Provides a smooth ride q The plies and tread are weakest m reduces traction at high speeds m increases rolling resistance © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Bias Ply Tire © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Belted Bias Tire q Bias tire with belts added to increase tread stiffness q The belts lie under the tread area only q Two stabilizer belts and two or more plies improve tire performance m provides a smooth ride and good traction m reduces rolling resistance © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Belted Bias Tire © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Radial Ply Tire q Plies run straight across from bead to bead q Stabilizer belts lie beneath the tread q The belts can be made of steel, flexten, fiberglass, or other materials © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Radial Ply Tire q Has a very flexible sidewall and a stiff tread m provides a very stable footprint m improves safety, cornering, braking, and wear m may produce a harsher ride at low speeds © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Radial Ply Tire © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Tire Sidewall Markings © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Tire Size Alpha-numeric–Uses letters and numbers to denote tire size in inches and load-carrying capacity in pounds © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Tire Size P-metric–Uses metric values and international standards © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Points of Measurement © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Aspect Ratio Height-to-width ratio of a tire © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Maximum Load Rating q Amount of weight the tire can carry at the recommended inflation pressure q Printed on the sidewall q P-metric: m given in kilograms and pounds q Alpha-numeric: m indicated by a letter, such as B, C, or D © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Maximum Inflation Pressure q Highest air pressure that should be pumped into the tire q Many tires have a maximum recommended pressure of 32 to 40 psi (220 to 275 k. Pa) © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Tread Plies q Number of plies and ply rating: m 2 -ply with a 4 -ply rating m 4 -ply q Greater number of plies usually indicates a greater load-carrying capacity © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
DOT Serial Number q Identifies the manufacturer, plant location, construction, and date of manufacture q Stamped into the sidewall q Department of Transportation rating means the tire has passed prescribed safety tests © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Tire Grades q Tread wear m given as a number, 100 to 500 m higher number is more resistant to wear q Tire traction m given as an A, a B, or a C m an A rating has the most traction q Tire temperature resistance m given as an A, a B, or a C m an A rating resists temperature buildup best © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Speed Rating q Maximum allowable sustained road speed a tire can safely withstand without failure q Ratings range from B to Z m B rating – 31 mph or 50 km/h m Z rating – 149 mph or 238 km/h © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Asymmetric Tires q Have different tread patterns on inner and outer edges m inner – improves traction on wet surfaces m outer – improves cornering on dry surfaces q Must be mounted so proper edge faces outside of wheel © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Directional Tires q High-performance tires q Rotate in a specific direction to minimize hydroplaning q Must be mounted in the proper location so they rotate in the desired direction © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Compact Spare Tire This is a high-pressure spare, requiring 60 psi (415 k. Pa) © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Self-Sealing Tires q A coating of sealing compound is applied to the liner q If a nail punctures the tire, air pressure will push the soft compound into the hole to stop air leakage © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Self-Sealing Tire Action A. Nail punctures the tire B. The nail is pulled out C. Sealing compound flows into the hole © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Retreads q Used tires that have had a new tread vulcanized to the old carcass, or body q Large truck tires are often recapped because of the high cost of new truck tires © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Run-Flat Tires q Have an extremely stiff sidewall construction q Still usable with a loss of air pressure q Tire will retain most of its shape because the sidewall is strong enough to support the vehicle weight © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Run-Flat Tires © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Wear Bars When too much tread has worn away, solid rubber bars will show up across the tread © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Tire Pressure Monitoring System q Pressure sensors are mounted on each wheel q If tire pressure is not correct, the sensor produces a radio signal q The signal is received by a module that turns on a dash warning light © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Pressure Sensor © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
System Operation © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
q Designed to support the tire while withstanding loads from acceleration, braking, and cornering q Made of steel, aluminum, or magnesium © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Wheel Components © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Mag Wheels Aluminum or magnesium wheels are often called mags © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Drop-Center Wheel q Allows for easier installation and removal of the tire q The center of the wheel is smaller in diameter than the rim q When installing a tire, the tire bead can fall into the recess, and then, the other side of the tire bead can be forced over the rim © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Drop-Center Wheel Note the smaller diameter in the center than in the rim © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Dimensions of a Wheel © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Safety Rims Small ridges on the rim hold the tire on the wheel during a tire blowout or flat © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
q Valve stem m pressed into a hole in the wheel of a tubeless tire to allow inflation and deflation q Valve core m spring-loaded air valve threaded into the valve stem q Valve stem cap m protects the air valve and stem threads from dirt, moisture, and damage © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Valve Stem Assembly A valve stem snaps into the hole in the wheel © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. The press fit forms an airtight seal The valve core screws into the valve stem body Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
q Lug nuts m hold the wheel and tire assembly on the vehicle q Lug studs m special studs that accept the lug nuts q Lug bolts m used instead of nuts m screw into threaded holes in the hub or axle flange © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Lug Nut and Stud A stud is pressed into the hub or axle flange If metric or left-hand threads are used, markings will normally be present © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
q Small lead weights q Attached to the wheel rim to balance the wheel-and-tire assembly q Used to offset a heavy area of the wheel and tire © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
q Allow the wheel or hub to turn freely q Most wheel bearings are tapered roller bearings or ball bearings © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Tapered Roller Bearing Lubricated with high-temperature grease © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Ball Bearing Balls allow parts to rotate with a minimum amount of friction and wear © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Hub and Wheel Bearing (Tapered Roller Bearings) q The spindle is stationary, providing a mounting place for the wheel bearings, hub, and wheel q The hub is partially filled with grease to lubricate the bearings q The nut on the end of the spindle allows adjustment of the bearing preload © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Hub and Wheel Bearing (Tapered Roller Bearings) © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Hub and Wheel Bearing (Tapered Roller Bearings) Used on the front of rear-wheel-drive cars or the rear of front-wheel-drive cars © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Hub and Wheel Bearing (Four-Wheel Drive) q The front drive axle extends through a stationary spindle q A special free-wheel, or locking, hub transfers power from the axle to the hub-disc assembly when in four-wheel drive © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Hub and Wheel Bearing (Four-Wheel Drive) Front axle, brakes, hub, and wheel bearing assembly © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Hub and Wheel Bearing (Ball Bearings) q The drive shaft fits through the center of the bearings q The hub is splined to the axle shaft q The ball bearings are lubricated by thick, high-temperature grease © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Hub and Wheel Bearing (Ball Bearings) © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Hub and Wheel Bearing (Ball Bearings) Commonly used on the front of front-wheel-drive vehicles © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
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