By Jess Moses Ashlynn Hill Natasha Lee RESPIRATORY

By: Jess Moses, Ashlynn Hill, Natasha Lee RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Function of the system Takes in oxygen and expels carbon dioxide. � Oxygen is needed for the human body to sustain itself. � After four to six minutes without oxygen, brain cells start to die. � Average resting respiration rate is 1220 breaths per minute. �

The Organs included � Alveoli � Bronchial Tubes � Lungs � Naval Cavities � Larynx � Trachea

Alveoli � At the end of each bronchial tube, there is a sac-like structure called alveoli. The alveoli are grouped together like a lot of interlinked caves. � Gas exchanges between oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place within the alveoli.

Gas Exchange Since the walls of the alveoli are extremely thin, Oxygen from the inhaled air is able to diffuse through the walls of the alveoli and all the capillaries inside it which then leads to oxygen being put into the blood stream by the red blood cells. � Carbon dioxide produced by the body returns to the lungs via the blood stream. � From there it diffuses through the alveolar walls and is removed from the body through expiration. �

Specialized Structure makes Gas Exchange Easier Walls are extremely thin (oxygen diffuses easily) � Larger surface area than volume � Fluid lined-enabling gases to dissolve easier � � Surfactant (surface active agent) is a chemical that stabilizes mixtures of oil and water by reducing the surface tension between the two; it is present within the alveoli to help with oxygen diffusion at the surface. Surrounded by an encasement of capillaries to help aid in taking oxygen to and from the body � On average, in an adult body, there approximately 3 million alveoli. �

Bronchial Tubes Are the tubes where the air passes through your lung. � They branch off from the trachea. � As they descend, they gradually get smaller. � The more open these tubes are, the better the lungs perform. �

Lungs � The right lung is bigger because it consists of 3 lobes while the left only has two. � the left lung has a cardiac notch to give room for the heart. � The conducting zone contains the trachea, the bronchi, the bronchioles, and the terminal bronchioles.

Lungs � The respiratory zone contains the respiratory bronchioles, the alveolar ducts, and the alveoli. � The conducting zone warms the air to 37 °C (99 °F) and humidifies the air. � It also cleanses the air by removing particles via cilia located on the walls of all the passageways.

Naval Cavities The nasal cavity (or nasal fossa) is a large air filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face. � The nasal cavity conditions the air to be received by the other areas of the respiratory tract. � Owing to the large surface area provided by the nasal conchae, the air passing through the nasal cavity is warmed or cooled to within 1 degree of body temperature. �

Nasal Cavities In addition, the air is humidified, and dust and other particulate matter is removed by vibrissae, short, thick hairs, present in the vestibule. � The cilia of the respiratory epithelium move the particulate matter towards the pharynx where it passes into the esophagus and is digested in the stomach. �

Larynx • Functions as an airway to the lungs. • It provides us of a way of vocalizing so we can communicate with one another. • There are muscles and skeleton components that surround it to help act upon it.

Larynx Functions ~ The primary function of this organ is to protect the lower airway by closing abruptly upon mechanical stimulation, thereby halting respiration and preventing the entry of foreign matter into the airway. � One of the main functions is to keep the airway open. � Another significant function is vocalization (phonation). � The larynx helps you to cough. � It helps controls the ventilation. � It acts as a sensory organ. � It also does the Valsalva maneuver. �

Valsalva maneuver? It is when you attempt to force air out of your mouth while keeping your mouth and nose closed. � It is a diagnostic tool that helps evaluates the heart’s condition. � Sometimes, it is used to relieve chest pains or to correct an abnormal heart rhythm. � It corrects rapid heart rates originating in the atria. �

Trachea � The trachea is located just beneath the larynx (voice box) and continues behind the breast bone (sternum). � It divides into two smaller tubes called bronchi, one for each lung.

Structure and Function of the Trachea It is composed of about 20 rings of tough cartilage, the back part of each ring is made of connective tissue and muscle. Lining the inside of the trachea is mucosa (smooth, moist tissue) which helps it expand as air is taken in. � Cilia, tiny hairs, also line the inside of the trachea and catch small particles of dust or other fibers that are inhaled. � The main function of the trachea is to provide a passage for air to pass through the rest of the respiratory system. �

How the Lungs are related to diseases � Diabetes: � � There are no � If the flow through the dysfunctions containing to diabetes. They do not affect each other. � Sickle Cell: � The only dysfunction would be the hemoglobin not fully reaching the muscles with the proper amount of oxygen. Heart Disease: lungs is poor there might not be enough oxygenized blood into the heart, causing problems. � Urinary Track Infection: � There are no dysfunctions or affects on each other.

How the naval cavities are related to diseases � Diabetes: �There is no relation. � Sickle Cell: �There is no relation. � Heart Disease: �If a patient is highly congested and is diagnosed sleep apnea, they are at higher risk for heart disease. � Urinary Track Infection �There is no relation.

How do bronchial tubes have relation to diseases? � Diabetes � � There is no relation or � If a patient has dysfunctions. � asthma and a heart disease, it could make it worse. Sickle Cell � There is no relation or dysfunctions. Heart Disease � Urinary Track Infection � There is no relation or dysfunctions.

The larynx and diseases � Diabetes: It is not affected. � Sickle Cell: It is not affected. � Heart Disease: It is not affected. � Urinary Track Disease: It is not affected.

How Certain Diseases Affect the Alveoli and Trachea Diabetes: It doesn’t affect these organs. Sickle Cell: Since the alveoli deals with the exchange of gases, from oxygen to carbon dioxide, sickle cell anemia would affect the function of this organ because the sickle-shaped cells become ‘sticky’ and disrupt normal blood flow of oxygen. The trachea is not affected. � Heart Disease: Heart disease disrupts blood flow, therefore, the transportation of oxygen decreases within the alveoli. The trachea is not affected. � Urinary Tract Infection: Neither of these organs are affected. � �

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