By Assoc Prof Dr ada OTO Ankara University

By Assoc. Prof. Dr. Çağdaş OTO Ankara University Faculty of Vet Med Department of Anatomy

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM o It is a biological system consisting of specific structures used for the respiration. o The structures are specialized to intake and exchange the air. So the airway is supplied by bone and cartilage tissue. o The Respiratory tract is lined by respiratory mucosa for cleaning, heating and mousturising of the enviromental air. Coto

The Respiratory Organs o Respiratory tract: pathway for the air o Lungs: the organs where the gases exchanging take place o Nasus (Nose) Nares (Nostrils) Cavum nasi (Nasal cavity) o Sinus paranasal o Nasopharynx o Larynx o Trachea o Bronchus o Pulmones (Lungs) Coto

NASUS (Gr. Rhin-Nose) o Enterence (the first part) of the airway. o Nose is the sense organ for smelling. o Rhinitis (infection – sniffles) o Rhinoraji (epistaxis – nosebleed) Coto

Nasus - Nose The nose consists of some bone and cartilage structures o Bone structures; Front side: os nasale, maxilla, os incisivum Back side: os frontale, os lacrimale, os zygomaticum o Cartilage structures; Nasal cartilages (cartilago nasales) Coto

Nasus - Burun o Due to the lenght and shape of the nasal bones, Type of the cranium is different among mammals. 1 -Brachicephalic (Shorthead) 2 -Mesaticephalic 3 -Dolicocephalic (Longhead) Coto

Nasal Cartilages o Cartilago septi nasi o Cartilago nasi lateralis dorsalis : It supports the lateral border of the nasal bone (d, g) (absent in car. ) o Cartilago nasi lateralis ventralis : It supports the nasal process of the incisive bone (e) (absent in horse) o Cartilago alaris : Main supporting tissue of nostrils. It is well developed in horse. Cornu – Absent in carnivores and ruminants (h) Lamina – It supports to the nasal septum (h) o Cartilagines nasales accessoriae Cartilago nasalis accessoria lateralis – Absent in horse (f) Cartilago nasalis accessoria medialis – Well-developed in horse (g) Coto

Nasus - Nose o Two main parts; 1. Nasus externus 2. Cavum nasi Coto

Nasus externus o Nares (nostrils) o Cartilago septi nasi o Alae nasi Nasus cutaneus (eq) Diverticulum nasi (eq) Coto

Nasus externus o Philtrum (human, car, small rum) o Planum nasale (car, small rum) o Planum nasolabiale (large rum) o Planum rostrale (su) o This area is alwalys moist in animals. Coto

Cavum Nasi o The nasal cavity extends from the nostrils to the ethmoid bone at the backside. It is divided right and left by nasal septum. It communicates the nasopharynx through choanae coudoventrally. There are 3 main parts of the nasal cavity; 1 -Vestibulum 2 -Conchae 3 -Meatus Coto

CONCHAE NASALIS These are thin cone-shaped osseous scrolls that are originate from the lateral wall of the nasal cavity o Concha nasalis dorsalis (4) – Endoturbinale I, plica recta (43) o Concha nasalis media (6) – Endoturbinale II o Concha nasalis ventralis (5) – Maxilloturbinale, Plica alaris (44) (inside CNAM in horse), Plica basalis (45) Coto

NASAL MEATUSES The conchae divides the nasal cavity into a series of clefts o Meatus nasi dorsalis (40) – narrower, olfactory pathway o Meatus nasi medius (41) – Comminicate with nasal sinuses o Meatus nasi ventralis (42) – Wide, Respiratory pathway o Meatus nasi communis – Common pathway Coto

Mucosa of the Nasal Cavity o Regio vestibularis – Cutaneous mucosa, in entrance o Regio olfactoria – Dorsocaudal part of the cavity o Regio respiratoria – Ventrocaudal part of the cavity Coto

SINUS PARANASALIS o Air-filled spaces lined with respiratory mucosa that comminicate with the nasal cavity. o These cavities are located in the crainal bones where the bones are surround the nasal cavity. o Function; - The sinuses do tend the lessen the weight of the head, - It supports the forming of voice vibration, - It provides the absorbtion of blows, - It protects the sense organs, - It helps to heating and moisturing of inspiration air. o Sinusitis Coto

SINUS PARANASALIS o Sinus maxillaris (cavum higmori) – the largest o Sinus frontalis o Sinus sphenoidalis – absent in car o Sinus lacrimalis – (ru and su) o Sinus palatinus Coto

LARYNX o The larynx is a short cartilaginous tube that connects the lower part of the pharynx with the trachea. o It is also responsible organ of the phonation Coto

Localisation of the Larynx o It locates at the base of the cranium, near below the entrance of the esophagus. o This area is positioned in intermandibular space in horse and ox, or more caudally in others Coto

Skeleton of the Larynx o It is composed of some cartilages that are connected each other by ligaments and muscles. o The cartilages of the larynx are; * The unpaired cartilages ; epiglottis, cartilago thyroidea ve cartilago cricoidea, * The paired cartilage ; cartilago arythenoidea. Coto

Epiglottis o The epiglottis fits like a lid over the entrance of the larynx and closes it during swallowing. It is important for the protection of the trachea and the lungs especially during deglutition. o Basis - Proc. cuneiformis (eq) o Apex – pointed in horse, sheep and car. / rounded in ox and pig yuvarlak Coto

Thyroid cartilage o The largest cartilage of the larynx that covers the other from laterally and ventrally o It is an unpaired cartilage consists of right and left laminae which are united ventrally. o Prominentia laryngea o Incisura thyroidea rostralis (rum) o Incisura thyroidea caudalis (deep in horse) o Cornu rostrale et caudale Coto

Arythenoid cartilage o It is a paired cartilage has the shape of a three-sided pyramid located inside part of the thyroid cartilage. Proc. corniculatus; rostrodorsal (absent in cat) / Proc. muscularis; caudodorsal / Proc. vocalis; ventral Coto

Cricoid cartilage o It is an unpaired cartilage has the appearance of a signet ring. It is located between the thyroid cartilage and the first tracheal ring. o Arcus cartilaginis cricoidea o Lamina cartilaginis cricoidea o Lig. cricotracheale Coto

Cavum Laryngis o The cavity is lined by respiratory mucosa. There are two main mucosal folds in the space plica vestibularis and plica vocalis. The cavity is divided three parts by the mucosal folds. o Vestibulum laryngis – Aditus laryngis o Ventriculus laryngis - Glottis - Ventriculus laryngeus medianus - Vent. laryngeus lateralis (horse, pig, dog) o Cavum infraglotticum Coto

Glottis o The narrower part of the larynx that the voice forming structures are placed. o Processus vocalis / Ligamentum vocale / Plica vocalis / Rima glottidis Coto

Phonation o During the expiration, the air in the lungs are throwed to trachea by the diaphragma and pectoral muscles contraction. The air vibrates the vocal folds like a wire of violin when it pass through the glottis. o Bell is a logarithmic unit used to express the ratio of voice. One decibel is one tenth of one bel, named in honor of Alexander Graham Bell o 85 d. B is harmfull for the hearing. o Roaring of the lion is 110 d. B. Coto

TRACHEA o It is a pipe-shaped pathway of the respiratory air that is consists of a series of incomplate cartilaginous rings of the hyaline type which prevents the collapse of the tube. Coto

Trachea o It is a noncollapsable tube which continuous the respiratory pathway from the cricoid cartilage to the root of the lung where it bifurcates to form the right and left principal bronchii. o Trachea o Bifurcatio tracheae o Bronchus principalis o Bronchus lobaris o Bronchus Segmentalis o Bronchus subsegmentalis ***Bronchus trachealis*** (Rum, su) Coto

Trachea halkaları o All the rings are connect with a ligament (Lig. anulare) to each other. 1 - Cartilago trachea 2 - M. trachealis Number of the rings; Eq=25, Car=42, Rum=50 o Shape of the rings; Coto

PULMO – THE LUNG o The lungs are located at the left and right side in the pectoral cavity. They are responsible from exchange of the gases. It is consists of bronchii and the alveols. They are covered by pleura. Coto

Genel Anatomisi The Color : Light reddish and pink. The weight: %1, 5 of body weight in horse, %1 in others o Lobuli pulmonis (marble shape) (Ox, goat and pig) o Basis pulmonis - Apex pulmonis o Facies costalis o Facies diaphragmatica o Facies medialis Impressio cardiaca Hilus pulmonis o Facies interlobaris o Margo obtusus (dorsalis) o Margo acutus Inc. cardiaca Coto

Circulation of the lungs o A. pulmonalis / Vv. pulmonales o Ramus bronchalis / Vv. bronchales Coto

Lobes of the Lungs Right Lung (Pulmo dexter) Lobus cranialis Lobus caudalis Lobus accessorius Left Lung (Pulmo sinister) Lobus cranialis Lobus caudalis o Equine: o Ruminant: Lobus cranialis – pars cranialis pars caudalis Lobus medius Lobus accessorius Lobus cranialis – pars cranialis pars caudalis Lobus caudalis o Carnivor: Lobus Lobus cranialis – pars cranialis pars caudalis Lobus caudalis cranialis caudalis medius accessorius