BUILT ENVIRONMENT COURSE LESSON 1 LESSON 1 FREE

BUILT ENVIRONMENT COURSE LESSON – (1)

LESSON (1) – FREE HAND DRAWINGS A. Introduction To History Of Drawing B. Drawing Media /Tools C. Form & Space D. Texture, Colour & Light

A. Introduction To History Of Drawings When we speak of drawing as an art form, we are referring mainly to an artist's use of line to make a picture. However, the definition of drawing can be expanded to include the use of colour, shading, and other elements in addition to line. Drawings can be made as finished works of art. But they are also made for other reasons. One of the first main functions of drawing has been as a first step in the preparation of a work of art in another medium. These mediums include painting, sculpture, or architecture. The study of drawing has also served as the basic form of training for work in all of the arts. The history of drawing is as old as the history of humankind. People drew pictures even before they learned how to write. Like other art forms, drawing has changed and developed through history. Each new style grew out of the style that came before it. This evolution of drawing styles closely parallels the development of painting. As drawing styles changed, so did drawing materials.

The earliest known drawings dated from the following 1. Early History – 30, 000 – 10, 000 BC 2. The Middle History – 4, 000 to 13 th Century 3. The Renaissance - 14 th -15 th Century 4. The Baroque & Rococo 16 th -17 th Century 5. The 18 th – 19 th Century

1. Early History The earliest known drawings dated from 30, 000 to 10, 000 B. C. . They were found on the walls of caves in France and Spain. Ancient Egyptians (beginning about 3000 B. C. ) decorated the walls of their temples and tombs with scenes of daily life. Nearly all that survives to show the drawing and painting skills of the ancient Greeks are their decorated pottery vases. These great works of art show the Greeks' ability to draw graceful figures and decorative lines. 2. The Middle Ages In the Middle Ages, from about 400's to 1400's, art was produced mainly to glorify God and to teach religion. Drawings were used in the preparatory stages of a work of art during the Middle Ages, but few survive. Paper was not made in Europe until 1100's, and at first it was expensive and difficult to obtain. Drawings had another important function during the Middle Ages. They helped artists keep a record of images they frequently used.

3. The Renaissance Modern drawing in Europe began in the 1400's in Italy, during the period known as the Renaissance. A special love of drawing was born at this time. The production of drawings also increased steadily. This was because paper had become easier to obtain and because of the new importance attached to drawing. 4. The Renaissance in Northern Europe Artists living in Northern Europe (Germany, France, the Netherlands) in the 1500's gradually absorbed some of the ideas and styles that were first developed in Italy. Albrecht Dürer, the great draftsman and printmaker of Germany, was one of the first to travel to Italy. The Northerners made many more finished drawings as works of art for sale. Water-color and in chalk were also popular at that time.

5. The 1600's and 1700's The precision and control of Renaissance drawings were replaced in the Baroque period by livelier forms and by bolder use of materials. Chalk and pen lines became freer and more flowing. Washes of ink and water colour were also used. The Netherlands had its greatest period of artistic flowering in the 1600's. . The rococo period of the 1700's was dominated by French taste and culture. Decorative lines and cheerful subjects are characteristic of the work of Jean-Antoine Watteau and François Boucher. Both artists often drew with red, black, and white chalks. Sometimes they combined all three. 6. The 1800's and 1900's Many different styles developed side by side during the 1800's. Pencils were first manufactured early in the century. They became the preferred drawing tools of many artists. The French artist Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres produced highly finished portrait drawings in this medium. Francisco Goya of Spain is known for his expressive drawings rendered with brush and black and grey wash. Late in the century Edgar Degas led the realist movement in France. He experimented with various drawing techniques (oil on paper, pastel, and crayon, for example) with very original results. Everyday scenes, ballet dancers, and horse races were among his favourite subjects.

IMPORTANT OF DRAWING Drawing is a form of visual art and communication.

B. Drawing Media & Tools In the ancient time the Artist or Draftsmen used various type of media and tools to prepare the drawings. Many are using free hand sketch for the initial preparation using charcoal or graphite before various grade of lead pencil has invented. There are variety of media and tools available to the arts today than ever before in the history of drawings. 1. Colour Media 2. Non Colour Media 1. Oils Paint 8. Charcoals 2. Acrylic Paint 9. Pen & Ink 3. Water Color Paint 10. Graphite & Lead Pencils 4. Gouache Paint 5. Pastel/Crayon 6. Color Pencil 7. Graphic Marker

A BRIEF UNDERSTANDING OF MEDIA & TOOLS 1. Oil Paint Artist’s oil paint media as most of the artist’s choice, oil paint dry slowly and is a bit of translucent, therefore the artist could work on numerous of layer to create special effects. The media require other media for easier mixing and blending color, such as spirit or turpentine. Oil Paint 2. Acrylic Paint Artist’s acrylic paint media look almost the same as oil, in fact it is synthetic polymer resin. Acrylic required to mix with water and it dry very fast, therefore it is not easy to blend with other color. However, there are others media such as retarder to slow down the drying process. The media can also dilute with more water to become translucent like water color. Acrylic Paint

3. Water Color Paint Water Color is the most deceptive of all painting. While painting in oil or acrylic, clearly shows the labor involved in producing it, water color appear to have been created with little effort. For this reason, it is common for Artist to believe that choosing the water colors, as an easy one. Nothing, however, could be further from the truth, as the skill demanded of the watercolor artist place this medium at the top of the list in terms of artistic sophistication and complexity. 4. Gouache Paint Gouache and Water color medias are closely related, they are extremely different to work with. Gouache color is more opaque or less transparency than water color and they are more intensified version of water color. What gouache color perhaps lacks in delicacy and refinement, however, is more compensated for the depth and vibrancy of its clear and strong color. They are also called designer paint Variety Type of Paint Media ; Ink, Tube & Cake Form

5. & 6. Pastel/Color Pencil Crayon/Pastels & Color Pencil are often categorized as a drawing medium when, in fact, they are probably closer to painting. In Pastel & Color Pencil, you are not only dealing with all the elements of drawings – a dry medium applied to a surface which entails the used of line and texture – but you are also using color. They often used to have or add colors to the Architecture sketch drawings/diagram during the preliminary study, however pastels could also create a great impressionist artist drawings such as well -know Degas. It was also used for modern architecture and interior rendering with combination of graphic markers, in early 1970 - 1990. Color Pencils

7. Graphic Marker media have a vast of color range and usually used by graphic and interior designer. The medium is translucent with high and low intensity of color and are usually for fast work on illustration. Markers Pointed Nib & Felt Nib 8. Charcoal has always been a medium favor for by artists both for drawings and as drawing medium in its own right. Charcoal is a medium to prehistoric cave painting and mural wall in French. The consistent and constant use of charcoal pre-dominate the history of art. Charcoal is one of the best media for life drawing of all types. Charcoal Sticks

9. Pen & Ink Of all the drawing media, pen & ink is not only one of the most challenging and exciting to use, but can be one of the most frustrating as well. It required a great deal of practice, patience and confidence. Once you are confidence, you are able to draw line and dot to create texture, shading/shadow specially on white paper with great intensity and depth as well. Various Pointed Pen 10. Graphite & Lead Pencil Drawing pencil range from the very soft and black to the very hard and light. The ratio of these ingredients determine the pencil’s hardness and blackness. Hard pencil had more clay than graphite, and soft ones are more graphite than clay. In total there are 20 grades of pencil available from 8 H, the hardest, to 12 B the softest. There also various types of carbon pencil which give a brilliant black mark. Graphite Pencils Lead Pencils

Example Of The Free Hand Sketch Drawings

Pen & Pencil Sample Of Freehand Sketches (1)

Pen & Pencil - Sample Freehand Sketches (2)

Pen & Pencil - Sample Freehand Sketches (3)

Color Pen & Water Color Sample Freehand Sketches (4)

Elements of Art There are seven (7) Elements of Art that most artist will have to know. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Line Shape Form Space Value Color Texture 1. Line An element of art defined by a point moving in space. Line may be two or three-dimensional, descriptive implied, or abstract. Lines can be horizontal, vertical, or diagonal; straight or curved; thick or thin

Elements of Art 2. Shape An element of art that is two-dimensional, flat, or limited to height and width. Shape is a closed line. Shapes can be geometric, like squares and circles; or organic, like free form or natural shapes. Shapes are flat and can express length and width. 3. Form An element of art that is three-dimensional and encloses volume include height, width and depth. Forms are three-dimensional shapes expressing length, width, and depth. Balls, cube, a sphere, cylinders, boxes, and pyramids are forms. 4. Space An element of art, space is the area between and around objects. The space around objects is often called negative space; negative space has shape. Space can also refer to the feeling of depth. Real space is three-dimensional; in visual art, when we create the feeling or illusion of depth, we call it space.

Elements of Art – Continue 5. Value An element of art the lightness or darkness of tones or colours. White is the lightest value, and black is the darkest The value halfway between these extremes is called middle grey. 6. Color An Element of art made up of three properties: Hue, Value, and intensity. • Hue – name of each color • Value – hue’s brightness and darkness (a color’s value changes when white or black added) • Intensity – quality of brightness and purity(high intensity means color is strong and bright : low intensity mean color is faint and dull. 7. Texture An element of art, texture is the surface quality that can be seen and felt. Texture can be rough or smooth, soft or hard. Textures do not always feel the way they look; for example, a drawing of a porcupine may look prickly, but if you touch the drawing, the paper is still smooth.

Why Are the Elements of Art Is Important The elements of art are important for several reasons. First and most importantly, a person cannot create art without utilizing at least a few of them. Secondly, knowing what the elements of art are, it enables us to describe what an artist has done, analyse what is going on in a particular piece and communicate our thoughts and findings, using a common language. © Copright All Rights Reserved October 2018 Mervyn Tay Non-Disclosure Agreement This document and its contents are considered part of Mervyn Tay’s copyright and are provided in confidence. Unauthorized use, reproduction and/or distribution is prohibited.

THE ELEMENT OF ART & DRAWING Understand some of elements and the fundamental technique, applying into today’s Architectural Drawings, as one of a visual instrument for communication and interpretation to viewer.

C. “FORM AND SPACE” – IN ARCHITECTURE DRAWING “FORM” (Which also known as Shape) FORM or SHAPE in Architectural Drafting, as an outline of distinguishing an object that should be primarily relate to its intended function or purpose. The manner that arranging the coordinating parts of a composition so as to produce a coherent image and aesthetic of a building. This is critically important for any designers to create a piece of design that give the initial visual understanding of a building outline.

“FORM ” Fig. (1) & (2) shows the designer doing a quick sketch line to study and to conceptualize the design of an object with SHAPE & FORM. The line created the 2 -dimensional Shape The line created the 3 dimensional Form The line created the 3 -dimensional Form Fig. (1) Fig. (2)

“SPACE” Space is typically thought of in two senses. It can be an indicator of physical dimensions or depth and also of empty areas inside or outside an object. Space can be a factor in both two-dimensional and three-dimensional drawings or designs, indicating how elements are situated in relation to one another. Space is also define as one of the elements of design in architecture, for a building inhabited environment. Architectural designs are created by carving space out of space or nothing, creating space/nothing out of space, and designing spaces by dividing this space according to each individual functional usage. It is an undefined expanse of land given to an architect to define. Space In Architecture 1. 2. Space planning for exterior Space planning for internal

Example of Space in Architectural In Architecture, external space are referring to the space of the building and the surrounding foot print of the site within the boundary. The internal space are referring to a room or a compartment within the building. As for architecture planning, the initial consideration is the functional usage requirements within the boundary space, we also called it as space planning. Therefore, a good space planning, must considered all the necessary elements, such as, vehicles and human’s maneuvering and accessible space, space for Mechanical & Electrical and other services compartments etc. Refer diagram Fig. (3), (4), (5) & (6)

“SPACE” EXTERNAL SPACE INTERPRETATION Building set back Line (space) Boundary Line Vehicle maneuvering and parking space. Green Buffer and tree planting set back line (space) SITE PLAN Fig. (3)

“SPACE” Internal Space Interpretation Apart from furniture space human BED-ROOM SPACE Fig. (6) traffic circulation to be considered. INTERNAL LAYOUT PLAN Fig. (4) LIVING ROOM SPACE Fig. (5) Room space must be able to accommodate the furniture and the space for circulation.

D. Texture, Colour & Light “Texture” The definition of texture, is an indicator of the touch quality of an element in an artwork or design. Texture can have a significant impact on how a piece of work is perceived. 1. Texture implies that an element has some quality such as roughness, smoothness, heat, cold, softness or hardness. Ref. to Fig. (7 a) & (7 b) 2. Texture is described as the way a three-dimensional works actually feel when touched, or the visual “feel” of the two-dimension. Ref. to Fig. (8 a) to (8 d). Texture In Architecture 1. The surface of the materials created with symbol to reflect on the drawings of a building. 2. Texture rendering technique on the drawings creating with shading, dot and line works etc, to achieve the tonal value.

The Fundamental Of Texture In Architecture Drawing In the Architecture drawings, it means to create various form of dots or line works etc. to form the surface texture, resulting from the combination and interrelation of tonal value. It is also creating a demarcation of finishes as the symbol and perhaps distinguish the space area, including creating the shadow to reflect the depth in a flat surface from the two- dimensional drawings. In the early day, they even used the decals sheet with variety of texture, carefully cut and paste on the drawings accordingly, these are mainly use for large project and time consuming.

Example -1 Visual Texture created for 2 -dimensional drawings with lines, dots and shading techniques. Fig. (7 a) Fig. (7 b)

Example – 2 Visual Texture from materials that you can feel and touch on the finishing surface. Fig. (8 a) Floor Rugs Texture Fig. (8 b)

Example - 5 Visual Texture from materials that you can feel and touch on the finishing surface. Fig. (8 c) – Texture from masonry Fig. (8 d) – Timber Texture

“COLOUR & LIGHT” Colour can, in fact be explained in scientific terms. It is the illusion created by way the eyes receives and the brain interpret, light. When a sunlight (a pure white light) pass through a prism and you can see the entire spectrum (Rainbow). Every object we see has a surface composition that absorb light and reflect back only part of the spectrum. Lights There are three things can happen to a light wave: It can be reflected, absorbed or transmitted. This is determined by the object that the waive hits, and that will give it its color. For an object to be black, it means that all the wavelengths of light hitting that object are absorb; no light is reflected. Solid objects, for the most part, will reflect light and transparent objects will transmit through them.

Theory of Colour creates impact and mood impression, so it is the first thing people notice about an object or a building. Although they do not relate the atmosphere to the actual scheme, they will however say how warm, cosy, rich, inviting, cool, elegant or intimate etc. , The colour used are directly responsible for creating these impressions. Colour & Light is an aspect subject that is important in Architecture & Interior Design works. The Colour Wheel or Colour Circle is one of the basic tools used in analysis and discussion of colour.

The Colour Wheel or colour circle is one of the basic ‘tools’ used in the analysis and discussing the colour. All the colour spectrum are contained in the wheel in a correct sequence. When talk about colour it could be long subject to discuss. How the colour wheel works? The basic colours mixing in the colour wheel of the spectrum. a. Primary Colour Any of the set of colours, as Red, Yellow & Blue, regarded as generating all other colours. b. Secondary Colour – A colour, as Orang, Green, or Violet, produce by mixing two Primary Colour. c. Tertiary Colour A colour as Brown by mixing two secondary colours, or a secondary colour with one of its constituent primary.

The Language of Colour Hue Colours – is the variation of one colour. For Example Red is hue. There are 12 hues colour in the wheel Warm Color Warm And Cool When referring to warm and cool colours, it consist of the following (Refer to Fig. 10 ; Colour Wheel No. (the outer ring nos. 11 & 12). i) Warm Colour Red, pink, orange, peach, yellow, gold and most of the browns, violet, some purples and blue / brown etc. ii) Cool Colour – Blue, jade, greens, peacock, turquoise etc. Cool Color The Neutral Colours When it comes to decorating, these are generally accepted to be the grey, brown, beige, cream and off-white. Strictly speaking, however the only true neutral colours are black, white, cool & warm grey & brown. Refer to Fig. (11) Fig. (10) – Warm & Cool Color Fig. (11) - Neutral Color Chart

Harmony and Contrast Colours Harmonious colour or sometime call alike colour is one where adjacent colour (Next to each colour on the wheel) are used. Some time it is also called ‘Analogous’. For example green and blue /green; yellow harmonised with yellow orange and yellow/green. Harmonious is also as the monochromatic scheme. When only one basic colour is used, but with changing value and intensity. Version/tones are professionally known as Value. Refer to Fig. (12) ; Arrow Shown. Fig. (12) Harmony Value – the degree by which colour appears to reflect more or less of the incident light, corresponding to lightness of the perceived colour. Refer to Fig. (13) Color Value

Opposite Color Contrast or complementary colour - is makeup of the two opposite colours on the wheel, such as red and green; blue-violet and yellow-orange etc. These colours are not required to be used in their pure form. Contrasting colour are more exciting than Harmonious and they can be highly stimulating, especially if pure hue are used. Refer to Fig. _ shown with the arrows. Monochromatic colour - Tint Tone & Shade a. Tint – is a colour to which white has been added, to lighten it or create a pastel. b. Tone – is created when grey is added to give a subtlety to a colour and is often refer to as ‘Mid-Tone’ c. Shade – is created when black is added to darken and enrich a colour. *In Architectural drawings, Tone & Shade is by means of creating the lines works to differential the depth or finishing surface. Opposite Color Fig. (14) Color Wheel

Example Monochromatic Colour Scheme Using Water Colour ; Cool & Warm Fig. (17. 1) – Cool Colour Scheme Fig. (7. 2) – Warm Colour scheme

END OF LESSON – (1)