BUILLDING SKILLS FOR THE TOEFL TOEFL Carolking and

BUILLDING SKILLS FOR THE TOEFL TOEFL Carolking and Nancy Staneley

Class policies Absenteeism Presentations Group work

Communication: Communication is a two-way process of transmitting and receiving verbal and nonverbal messages. Verbal Non-Verbal

Is Communication Possible?

Communication Components Communication 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. includes six components: Context Sender- Encoder Message Medium Receiver- Decoder Feedback

Context A set of facts or circumstances that surround a situation or event.

Cont… Sender- Encoder Sender is the source of information Speaker Writer

Message A message is an information, opinion, order, advice, suggestion, instruction, question, answer and etc. What we really communicate ?

Medium A means for storing and communicating information. Modern means of communication Traditional means of communication

Receiver- Decoder Receiver decodes or interprets the messages. Listener Reader

Cont… Feedback refers to messages or information that is sent back to the source from where the message came.

Communication is Complex • There are various reasons why communication is complex: 1. Communication is More Than Speaking and Listening 2. Communication is Transactional Person One Person Two Speaking Listening Speaking 3. Communication Depends on Feedback refers to the verbal and nonverbal messages listeners send that tells speakers how they are doing.

Communication is give and take

Nonverbal communication refers to messages without the use of words. 1. Body Language Appearance 2. Facial Expressions Eye Contact Posture Gesture 3. Vocal Cues Pitch Rate 4. Space and Time Volume Touch 17

Nonverbal communication refers to messages without the use of words. 1. Body Language Appearance Clothes, hairstyle, makeup, and personal decorations such as jewelry, all send messages about how a person sees himself or herself. 18

Nonverbal communication refers to messages without the use of words. 1. Body Language Posture refers to your body’s position as you sit, stand or walk. 19

Nonverbal communication refers to messages without the use of words. 1. Body Language Gestures are movements of hands, fingers, and arms. 20

Nonverbal communication refers to messages without the use of words. 1. Body Language Touching another a person sends a nonverbal message. 21

Verbal and Nonverbal Communication 2. Facial Expressions and Eye Contact Lips 1) Parted Lips 2) Puckered Lips 3) Biting Lips 4) Relaxed Lips

Verbal and Nonverbal Communication 3. Vocal Cues Voice • Vocal Quality: It refers to the sound or tone of a voice. • Such as nasal

Time and Space 4. Time and Space Importance Respect Urgency Clock watching Space

Verbal communication Verbal Communication refers to the spoken or written words you send or receive. Oral Written One-on-one conversations Memorandums Meetings Letters Phone calls Email Presentations Reports Public Speaking 25

Public Speaking

What is public speaking? Public Speaking is a way of sharing your ideas with other people and of influencing other people

Purpose of the occasion We communicate to produce a result. In general it can be to inform, to persuade, to entertain or to actuate. What your central idea or claim is that you want to communicate to the public. Nelson Mandela, speech is a powerful means of maintaining cultural identity and fostering community.

Basic Preparation Analyzing the occasion • Profiling the audience • Learning about the location •

Preparation Speech preparation should use the 9 P’s. Prior Proper Preparation Prevents Poor Performance of the Person Putting on the Presentation.

Analyzing the Occasion • Success key factor: The success of any presentation depends on how closely you match the expectation of the organizer and the audience. Following are the questions which must be answered for the good presentation. Which organization is holding the event? • What are the objectives of the organization? • What is the nature of the occasion? • How formal is it to be? •

Profiling your audience The more you know about your audience, the more relaxed you will feel. Questionnaire are prepared to know your audience It reduces stage fright and speech anxiety. Proper audience analysis will assure that you give the right speech to the right audience.

A-U-D-I-E-N-C-E A nalysis - Who are they? How many will be there? U nderstanding - What is their knowledge of the subject? D emographics - What is their age, sex, educational background? I nterest - Why are they there? Who asked them to be there? E nvironment - Where will I stand? Can they all see & hear me? N eeds - What are their needs? What are your needs as the speaker? C ustomized - What specific needs do you need to address? E xpectations - What do they expect to learn or hear from you?

Profiling Location • • • Distance Hall Design Parking Lot Availability of Equipment Acoustics- Quality of the sound Ventilation- airing

Hall Design Rectangular U shape Class Room Circular

Data Collection Primary ◦ Survey Face to face, Mail, Telephone ◦ Observation Personal, mechanical ◦ Brainstorming Secondary

Speech Kinds Spontaneous, Impromptu Memorized Read/ Manuscript Extemporaneous,

Impromptu Speech A speech with little preparation The speaker relies on previous knowledge The speaker quickly prepares a few words Drawbacks

Memorized Speech The memorized speech isn’t written out, word for word and committed to memory. It results in a stilted (formal and natural) presentation

Read Speech The speaker reads the speech from a manuscript Academic speeches Speeches which could undermine domestic or foreign policies

Extemporaneous Speech It requires a careful planning and a good outline. An outline helps you try out various wording to develop accuracy, consciences, and flexibility of expressions.

Structuring the Presentation Any form of communication- a report, an article, a letter, a book- needs a structure , but for an oral presentation, good structure is absolutely essential.

Narrative Structure • Every one loves a good story. The narrative structure or story line is the one must likely to grab and hold the attention of the audience and make what we say memorable. While narrating story it must be a) Good b) Well told c) Relevant to our objectives

Structure for a Presentation These are the two types of structures Narrative Formal

Formal structure Tell them what you are going to tell them (introduction) Tell them (main section) Tell them what you have told them ( conclusion)

Final Preparation Before we finally take the stage we must consider ü Speaker’s notes ü Rehearsal ü The rehearsal audience

Speaker’s Notes Four approaches to speaker’s notes ü No notes at all ü Use of visual aids as notes ü A full, verbatim(word for word) scripts ü Prompt cards or sheets: the use of cards, each containing notes for a main section or headings of a presentation.

Rehearsal offers many benefits: Reduces nerves • Improves performance • Helps judge timings • May help to refine the contents •

The rehearsal Audience Rehearsals are best if they can give us some kind of feed back on how effective we have been and what points need attention. We need at least one of the following: Ø A live audience of colleagues Ø A professional in presentation techniques Ø Family or friends Ø Video recording Ø Audio recoding Ø A mirror

Building Self-Confidence Nerves are the biggest problem for most of unpracticed speakers, there is no cure, but many helpful things can be said. Getting the better of nerves Why bother about them? Nerves reducing tricks

Facing our fears What speakers fear: • Not coming up to the audience expectations • Drying up • Not finding the right words

Nerve reducing Tricks Relaxation : deep breathing , sitting on a comfortable chair or yoga techniques will help a lot. Picturing Success: visualizing the success aspect Sharp objects: holding keys or any sharp object that produces slight pain.

Cont’d Picturing them in nude: to imagine that the audience is unclothed.

HANDLING QUESTIONS Handling questions • Before the presentation • At the start of presentation • When questions come

Before the Presentation Anticipate questions Identify trouble makers Foresee audience tensions Prepare reserve material

At the start of presentation How to take questions § As they arise § After each section § At the end

When question come The following points must be kept in mind ü Listen carefully- right to the end ü Decide why the question has been asked ü Keep cool under fire ü Never put the questioner down ü Don’t feel you must answer ü Don’t be too long or too short

Why questions? Questions are asked to • Obtain additional information • Clarify doubts • Support the speaker • Express interest and appreciation • Express another point of view • Make one’s mark

Alternatives to direct answer Ask for further explanation from the questioner Throw the question to the audience. Throw the question to a colleague or acknowledged expert who may be present. Throw the question back to the questioner. Admit ignorance ( and say we will find out)

Cont’d Say the answer will come out later in the presentation. Answer a different (and easier) question. Give clues to help the questioner answer the question. Refuse to answer ( on grounds of commercial confidentiality, national security or what ever)

Cont’d Turn the situation in to a joke Carry on as if we haven't heard Walk out Feign (pretend)sickness