Buildings Buildings sector delivered energy consumption Buildings delivered
Buildings
Buildings sector delivered energy consumption Buildings delivered energy consumption AEO 2021 Reference case quadrillion British thermal units 2020 history projections 25 total buildings sector delivered energy consumption 20 15 residential buildings 10 commercial buildings 5 0 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 Source: U. S. Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2021 (AEO 2021) 2050 www. eia. gov/aeo 2
Residential and commercial buildings energy consumption Residential sector delivered energy consumption AEO 2021 Reference case quadrillion British thermal units 14 Commercial sector delivered energy consumption AEO 2021 Reference case quadrillion British thermal units 2020 history projections 12 10 8 electricity natural gas petroleum and other liquids other 6 4 2 0 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2000 2010 Source: U. S. Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2021 (AEO 2021) 2020 2030 2040 2050 www. eia. gov/aeo 3
Change in population and residential housing stocks population Residential housing unit and population changes by region and type in 2020 and 2050 AEO 2021 Reference case millions, U. S. population millions, residential housing units Census divisions East West North Mountain Central East West South Central Pacific Central 35 30 25 New England Middle Atlantic 2020 2050 South Atlantic 20 population mobile multifamily single-family 15 10 5 0 Pacific Mountain West North West South East North East South Central Source: U. S. Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2021 (AEO 2021) South Atlantic Middle Atlantic New England www. eia. gov/aeo 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 4
Commercial buildings floorspace growth Commercial floorspace in 2020 and growth in floorspace from 2020 to 2050 AEO 2021 Reference case percentage growth office 0, 8% mercantile/se. . . 0, 9% warehouse 1, 2% education 0, 9% assembly 0, 6% other 1, 3% lodging 1, 1% food. . . 0, 9% health care 1, 1% 0 compound annual growth rate (CAGR) (2020 to 2050) CAGR total floorspace in 2020 (billion square feet) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 billion square feet Source: U. S. Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2021 (AEO 2021) www. eia. gov/aeo 5
Population-weighted heating and cooling degree days thousand degree days 7 7 6 6 5 5 Source: U. S. Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2021 (AEO 2021) New England Middle Atlantic South Atlantic East South Central East North Central West South Central West North Central New England Middle Atlantic 0 South Atlantic 0 East South Central 1 East North Central 1 West South Central 2 West North Central 2 Mountain 3 Pacific 3 Mountain 4 Pacific 4 2020 2050 Population-weighted cooling degree days by census division AEO 2021 Reference case 2020 2050 Population-weighted heating degree days by census division AEO 2021 Reference case www. eia. gov/aeo 6
Residential and commercial electricity and natural gas prices Electricity prices in the residential and commercial sectors AEO 2021 Reference case Natural gas prices in the residential and commercial sectors AEO 2021 Reference case 2020 cents per kilowatthour 2020 dollars per thousand cubic feet 2020 history projections residential 16 14 12 10 commercial 8 6 4 2 0 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 $20 $18 $16 $14 $12 $10 $8 $6 $4 $2 $0 1990 2050 2020 history projections residential commercial 2000 2010 Source: U. S. Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2021 (AEO 2021) 2020 2030 2040 2050 www. eia. gov/aeo 7
Residential and commercial energy intensity Indexed residential delivered energy intensity AEO 2021 Reference case Indexed commercial delivered energy intensity AEO 2021 Reference case indexed annual energy use per household 2019 = 1. 0 indexed annual energy use per square foot 2019 = 1. 0 1, 2 2020 history projections 1, 0 purchased electricity total delivered energy 0, 8 natural gas 0, 6 0, 4 0, 2 0, 0 2020 2030 2040 2050 natural gas 2020 Source: U. S. Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2021 (AEO 2021) 2030 2040 2050 www. eia. gov/aeo 8
Residential and commercial overall energy intensity by end use Commercial energy intensity by end use AEO 2021 Reference case Residential energy intensity by end use AEO 2021 Reference case space heating other uses water heating space cooling refrigeration and freezing laundry and dishwashing 2020 2050 refrigeration ventilation televisions, computers, office. . . lighting cooking 45 million British thermal units per household 0 20 40 thousand British thermal units per square foot Note: Intensities reflect all energy sources consumed, including both purchased electricity and electricity produced onsite for own use. Source: U. S. Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2021 (AEO 2021) www. eia. gov/aeo 9
Residential and commercial electricity intensity by end use Commercial electricity intensity by end use AEO 2021 Reference case Residential electricity intensity by end use AEO 2021 Reference case space heating other uses water heating space cooling refrigeration and freezing 2020 2050 laundry and dishwashing 2020 2050 refrigeration ventilation televisions, computers, office. . . lighting cooking 0 5 10 Thousands 0 kilowatthours per household 2 4 6 kilowatthours per square foot Note: Intensities reflect both purchased electricity and electricity produced onsite for own use. Source: U. S. Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2021 (AEO 2021) www. eia. gov/aeo 10
Commercial building end-use intensities Indexed commercial service provided per square foot of floorspace AEO 2021 Reference case 2020 = 1. 0 1, 00 0, 90 ventilation cooking lighting space cooling space heating 0, 80 0, 70 0, 60 2020 2030 2040 Source: U. S. Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2021 (AEO 2021) 2050 www. eia. gov/aeo 11
Residential and commercial onsite generation versus purchased electricity Residential sector electricity consumption AEO 2021 Reference case Commercial sector electricity consumption AEO 2021 Reference case quadrillion British thermal units 7 onsite generation 6 for own use 5 7 6 5 purchased electricity 4 3 2 2 1 1 2020 2030 2040 2050 purchased electricity 4 3 0 onsite generation for own use 0 2020 2030 Source: U. S. Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2021 (AEO 2021) 2040 2050 www. eia. gov/aeo 12
Residential consumption of onsite generation versus purchased electricity Electricity consumed to meet residential end-use demand AEO 2021 Reference case Onsite generation and purchased electricity consumed to meet residential end-use demand AEO 2021 Reference case quadrillion British thermal units 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 12. 07. 1905 0: 00 7 cooking lighting televisions and computers refrigeration and freezing laundry and dishwashing space heating water heating space cooling all other uses 6 5 onsite generation for own use purchased electricity 4 3 2 1 0 12. 07. 1905 0: 00 Note: Onsite generation projections are not attributed to any particular end use. Source: U. S. Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2021 (AEO 2021) www. eia. gov/aeo 13
Commercial consumption of onsite generation versus purchased electricity Electricity consumed to meet commercial end-use demand AEO 2021 Reference case Onsite generation and purchased electricity consumed to meet commercial end-use demand AEO 2021 Reference case quadrillion British thermal units 7 7 6 5 4 3 2 6 lighting ventilation space cooling refrigeration computers and office equipment all other uses 5 4 3 2 1 1 0 12. 07. 1905 0: 00 onsite generation for own use purchased electricity 0 12. 07. 1905 0: 00 Note: Onsite generation projections are not attributed to any particular end use. Source: U. S. Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2021 (AEO 2021) www. eia. gov/aeo 14
Residential and commercial solar photovoltaic generation capacity Residential solar distributed generation capacity AEO 2021 Reference case Commercial solar distributed generation capacity AEO 2021 Reference case gigawatts direct current 2020 150 history projections 120 90 Low Renewables Cost Low Oil and Gas Supply Reference High Oil and Gas Supply High Renewables Cost 60 30 0 90 60 30 0 2020 2030 2040 2050 2020 Source: U. S. Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2021 (AEO 2021) 2030 2040 2050 www. eia. gov/aeo 15
Commercial distributed generation capacity AEO 2021 Reference case Commercial non-solar distributed generation capacity AEO 2021 Reference case gigawatts direct current 70 3, 5 60 3, 0 natural gas-fired combined heat and power municipal solid waste/other wind solar 50 40 30 20 10 microturbines natural gas-fired engines fuel cells natural gas-fired turbines municipal solid waste/other wind 2, 5 2, 0 1, 5 1, 0 0, 5 0 0, 0 2020 2030 2040 2050 2020 2030 Source: U. S. Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2021 (AEO 2021) 2040 2050 www. eia. gov/aeo 16
Residential and commercial lighting consumption and lighting shares Electricity consumed to meet lighting demand AEO 2021 Reference case quadrillion British thermal units Lighting shares by type AEO 2021 Reference case residential sector percentage 2020 0, 7 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% history projections commercial residential 0, 6 0, 5 commercial sector 0, 4 percentage 0, 3 80% 0, 2 60% 40% 0, 1 0, 0 100% 2020 2030 2040 2050 Note: Includes both purchased electricity and onsite generation for own use 2020 2030 other incandescent/halogen compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) Source: U. S. Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2021 (AEO 2021) 2040 0% 2050 linear fluorescent light-emitting diode (LED) A-line/reflector LED integrated luminaire www. eia. gov/aeo 17
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