Building Supply Chains Total biofuel chain definition Biofuel

Building Supply Chains. . . Total biofuel chain definition Biofuel production Biomass collection agro-forest residues Biomass production for energy applications Local pretreatment Storage Pretreatment Transportation Bio-refining Biomass collection agro-forest industry residues Co-products Bio-H 2

Modelling biomass-to-biohydrogen logistic chains Approach • Security of Supply_ Feedstock: Estimation of Biomass potential in EU for Bio-Hydrogen Production • Security of Supply_ Logistics: State of the art in the modelling of biomass logistic chains • Security of Supply_ Biorefinery: Identification of the crucial parameters of biorefinery approach, handling by-products

Biomass-to-Hydrogen Conversion Technology

Security of Supply_ Feedstock (A) Agricultural biomass supply logistics are characterized by : - Wide areal distribution of biomass sources Variable biomass yield Time and weather-sensitive crop maturity Variable moisture content Time-sensitive, variable biomass quality (carbohydrate content) Low bulk density of biomass material Short time window for collection with competition with concurrent harvest operations

“Mapping the Landscape” of potential for EU biomass COEFFICIENTS FOR MAIN/BY PRODUCTS OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION EU AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION DATA BIOLOGICAL H 2 PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY GENERAL FEEDSTOCK REQUIREMENTS ASSUMPTIONS FOR CHANGES IN LAND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT USE QUALITATIVE IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL FEEDSTOCKS EU AGRO-INDUSTRY PRODUCTION DATA DRY BIOMASS POTENTIAL IN EU COEFFICIENTS FOR MAIN/BY PRODUCTS OF AGRO-INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION CARBOHYDRATE TO H 2 CONVERSION EFFICIENCY TOTAL H 2 PRODUCTION POTENTIAL IN EU LAND USE DATA COEFFICIENTS FOR CARBOHYDRATE CONTENT OF POTENTIAL FEEDSTOCKS

“Mapping the Landscape” of potential for EU biomass • • Identification of relevant crops, based on the current land use data The adoption of “biorefining” approach for these crops in order to identify the relevant biomass sources (main product, crop residues at farm, agro-industrial residues). Quantitative statistical data collection for agricultural and agro-industrial production for regions, countries and EU 27. Assumptions for future land use (1/3 of fallow land to be utilized for energy crop production), agricultural production (10% of the current agricultural production to be utilized for Hydrogen production whenever this is technically feasible), for residue availability (100%) and bm 2 bh conversion efficiency (100 kg Hydrogen for every ton of Carbohydrate). Miscanthus (for Central and North EU 27) and sweet sorghum (for South EU 27) as potential future energy crops. The relative potential calculations were based on the available yield, carbohydrate and moisture content data for these two crops. Carbohydrate content of the potential feedstocks based on either experimental data or literature. Development of matrices where all the above are presented in a user friendly way

“Mapping the Landscape” of potential for EU biomass Potential Feedstocks for Hydrogen Production

Security of Supply_ Feedstock (A) Annual Biomass Production for EU-27

“Mapping the Landscape” of potential for EU biomass Other qualitative specifications: e. g. availability period

Security of Supply_ Feedstock (A) Total Hydrogen Generation Potential in EU-27

“Mapping the Landscape” of potential for EU biomass Country Contribution in Total Hydrogen Production Potential in EU-27

GREECE “Mapping the Landscape” of potential

GREECE Security of Supply_ Feedstock (A)

TECHNICAL FEASIBILTY TOTAL BIOLOGICAL H 2 GENERATION POTENTIAL IN EU TOTAL BIOMASS POTENTIAL IN EU a ECONOMIC FEASIBILTY b OTHER ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES A B = A*a*b*c*d SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY c ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY FOOD vs. FUEL a, b, c, d<1 d TOTAL SUSTAINABLE BIOLOGIAL H 2 GENERATION POTENTIAL IN EU Potential Estimation: From Total to Sustainable OTHER NON FOOD PRODUCTS B

Alternative Biomass-to-Hydrogen Pathways High Carb – Low DM: High Carb – High DM: Biomass -> Bio. H 2 (HYVOLUTION) Biomass -> Bioethanol -> Reforming -> H 2 Low Carb – Low DM: Low Carb – High DM: Biomass -> Biogas -> Reforming -> H 2 Biomass -> Thermochemical Gasification -> H 2

Security of Supply_ Feedstock Transport&Handling (B) Crucial parameters affecting the feedstock Transport&Handling • • Plant scale Biomass productivity Collection/harvesting area Geographical and Geometrical specifications of the feedstock collection area Average haul distance Maximum extent of feedstock collection Feedstock Characteristics (DM, C/H Content, bulk density) The feedstock type itself has a slight influence on this part of the chain (only the storage and handling conditions are feedstock dependent) Cost Quality of feedstock at the gate of the refinery An optimized collection, storage and transport network can ensure timely supply of optimum biomass quality with minimum cost

Security of Supply_ Feedstock Transport&Handling (B) State of the Art Example of transport cost calculation model from the literature

Security of Supply_ Feedstock Transport&Handling (B) State of the Art Example of an “Agri-Fuel” Chain

Security of Supply_ Feedstock Transport&Handling (B) State of the Art From Agri-Food Chain to “Agri-Fuel” Chain

Security of Supply_ Refining (C) The crucial parameters affecting the sustainability of the “bio”-refining stage of the whole chain: - Range of the feedstock type which can be processed (one or multiple feedstock types) - Seasonality of the plant operation (optimization of the feedstock selection for the full year operation) - Capacity optimization - Optimization of the process location (on-site or centralized) - Exploitation of Co-Products - Plant location

Security of Supply_ Refining (C)

Extraction Sugar Juice Pulp Liquefaction Sugar Crystallization Molasse Hydrolysis Hydrolysate Solid residue Alkaline Pretreatment Enzymatic Hydrolysis Lignin Solid residue Hydrolysate Fermentation Washing Slicing Cutting Milling Sugar Beet Wheat Bran Potato steam peels Barley Straw Sugar Feedstock Starchy Feedstocks Lignoellulosic Feedstocks Refining processes of the “selected” feedstocks Security of Supply_ Refining (C)

Building Supply Chains (ABC) Mapping the complexity of biomass supply chains 1/2 Questions to be answered while building the bm 2 bh chain - - Plant site and size selection- Balancing the plant scale and location for cost optimization depending on: • Biomass availability and security of its supply • Biomass spatial dispersion • Site infrastructure Location of each process (centralized vs. decentralized? ) Dealing with the feedstock seasonality – maximizing the duration of the plant operation period – “multifeedstock” refineries? Securing the feedstock quality during the transport and stock period Building the biomass supply chain by optimizing the benefits of the stakeholders Feedstock availability scenarios and their effects on the feasibility of the whole bm 2 bh chain Building the biomass supply chain by optimizing the social benefits (regional employment, value addition…) Machine, resource and process handling in a way that minimizes cost (e. g. by creating a harvest and pretreatment program which optimizes the machine and infrastructure use) Building a multi feedstock-multi product, a single feedstock-single product system or any of the other possible combinations in order to improve the overall sustainability Sensitivities against the price of the key products Base case Assumptions Mapping all the possible chains Identifying the most promising one(s)

Building Supply Chains (ABC) Mapping the complexity of biomass supply chains 2/2 List of materials List of possible processes - Feedstock(s) - Intermediate products - Possible End products - Transport treated as process step - The steps also have an indication for the respective logistical handling . : material _: process step Maximal structure of the base case synthesis Basic cost functions from the literature Example from the literature (single feedstock case) Optimal structure for the base case

Building Supply Chains (ABC) Total “agro-fuel” chain definition Bio-hydrogen production plant Biomass collection agro-forest residues Biomass production for energy applications Local pretreatment Storage Pretreatment Transportation Bio-refining Biomass collection agro-forest industry residues Co-products

Building Supply Chains (ABC) Potato Steam Peels for Bio. Hydrogen Chain Definition Bio-hydrogen production plant Biomass collection agro-forest residues Biomass production for energy applications Drying of peels Transportation Liquefaction Hydrolysis Purification Potato steam peels from potato processing industry Solid residue

Building Supply Chains (ABC) Sugar beet to Bio. Hydrogen Logistic Chain Bio-hydrogen production plant Biomass collection agro-forest residues Sugar Beet production for energy applications Local pretreatment Storage Beet Root Transport Washing Slice Extraction Purification Biomass collection agro-forest industry residues Pulp Molasse

Sugar beet to Bio. Hydrogen Logistic Chain I II III

Sugar beet to Bio. Hydrogen Logistic Chain I: Processing the feedstock as close as possible to the production site having the Hydrogen plant either at local or central level II: Only the initial transport and storage at local level, all feedstock processing steps at the central Hydrogen plant III: Central transport, storage and processing without any “local involvement” The present “sugar beet for sugar” chain concept is either II or III depending on the local conditions

Building Supply Chains (ABC) Total “complex” chain definition Hydrogen plant Consumer “Players”/stakeholders Farmer (Agro-residue) Farmer (energy plant) Storage Transporter Storage Refiner Agro-industry (Residues) Present user Potential user Co-products

Building Supply Chain (ABC) Spatial dimension Hydrogen plant Fermentable sugar syrup Fermentable sugars (FSf) Dry Matter (DMf) Total Cost (ΣCi) Initial quality parameters: Fermentable sugar content (FS 0) Dry Matter (DM 0) Farmer (energy plant) Bulk density (BD 0) -if solid. Particle size (PS 0) -if solid. Initial cost-cost A- (C 0) A A: Farm-Feedstock source B: Transport-Handling C: Biomass Refining Plant T 1 FS 1 DM 1 BD 1 PS 1 C 1 T 2 B FS 2 DM 2 BD 2 PS 2 C 2 Tf-1 Tf FSf-1 DMf-1 BDf-1 PSf-1 C Setting Quality Standards According to the End-use Co-products

Security of Supply • Types of EU regions for Bio. H 2 plants – Rural (field residues, energy crops, wastes) – Agro-Industrial (wet residues, energy crops) – Integrated (linked to a source or energy crop) – Mixed (combinations of the above) • Types of biomass-to Bio. H 2 systems – One feedstock, e. g. , potato wastes – More feedstocks of the same type, e. g. , starchy – Multi-feedstock, of various types

Security of Supply • Utilising less than 10% of the EU 25 potential will be enough to satisfy the Hyvolution targets • In the short term, the use of food crops for non-food purposes does not seem necessary • On the other hand, utilising wet residues and agro-food industrial wastes is an immediate option • Sugar-rich energy crops - e. g. , sweet sorghum or “energy” beet - will play a major role in the medium-to-long run • More than 50% of the potential is linked to cereal crops, esp. straws, i. e. , another strategic option for the EU • A key finding is that the potential can support the operation of small Bio. H 2 plants (1 dry t/h) with ALL types of biomass feedstocks assessed (local/regional/… applications)

Regional dimension EU Policy National Policy Potential regional implementation of Hyvolution technology

Χρήσιμες Πηγές http: //www. biohydrogen. nl/hyvolution http: //biofuel-cities. eu http: //tp-biofuels. cperi. certh. gr/ http: //www. iperasmuseprobio. unifg. it/__en/default. asp Ιστοσελίδα Μαθήματος http: //www. chemeng. ntua. gr/courses/pgenergy/