Building services installations Contents Planning installations and routing

Building services installations

Contents • Planning installations and routing • Installing heating, water and drainage systems • Installing ventilation and AC systems • Insulation work • Initiation of use • Installation inspections, testing • Measuring and adjustments (settings) • User guidance and handover documentation 2 2020

Installation routing Consider when installing ducts and pipes: • duct sizes match the design • • constrictions are placed according to design pressure loss is minimized with optimal routing pipe fittings at sufficient safety distances room left for installation and insulation work • VAC ducts; heating, water and drain pipes • cable trays, light fixtures, Avoid angles and turns because they resist flow and cause pressure loss. • pumps, pipe access pieces, • dampers, sound traps, • meters, thermostats, sensors, incl. safety distances • manholes and serviceability. “The cheapest one yields” principle at clash points. 3 2020

Installation order 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Largest first (VAC). Drains because of slopes. Heating and water pipes. Cable trays. Lighting fixtures and other electrical installations. Note manholes, valves. . . 4 2020

Ceilings • HVAC and electrical engineering routes are often placed under the ceiling, causing a need to open and close the ceiling panels. • Mind your schedule when installing to the ceiling. • Ceiling installations cannot be scheduled too early because ceiling materials easily break and get dirty during installation. • Inform the management about the need to open the ceiling. • Ceilings’ service doors must include signs/labels to find: • adjustment and shut-off valves • air volume regulators • metering and service access points • fire dampers. 5 2020 Structural engineer decides the height clearance of aisles

Hole reservations • Ducts and pipes with insulation are not to be installed attached to each other. • In the table on the right, see the height clearance needed for individual VAC ducts with wall penetration, for example. • E. g. an individual 80 mm duct will need a hole of 100 mm i. e. 1 cm of space around it. • Usually 5 cm of empty space is left between a heating pipe and VAC duct insulation and 4 cm towards the structures (pipe size under 10 cm). See insulant manufacturer’s installation manual for more details. 6 2020 Clearance is not sufficient. Duct size [mm] 63 80 100 125 160 200 250 315 400 500 630 800 1000 1250 Hole reservation [mm] 80 100 125 160 200 250 315 400 500 630 800 1000 1250 1500

Route elevations often involve problems and faults NEW 7 2020

Agree on installation routing • On site, the building services assemblers must cooperate with each other. • Installation and routing principles must be agreed upon in advance, at least regarding corridors and shafts, and space must be reserved for insulation. • In addition, cooperation with the designers is required. • For example, designers can provide sectional drawings of the corridors and other special areas near the heat-distribution and HVAC mechanical rooms. 8 2020

Washrooms usually require the last concrete pours and most building services installations. Work must be sequenced and planned with care. 9 2020

Installing heating, water and drainage systems Supports Thermal expansion Points of reference Joints

Diligent work reduces the risk of leaks and damages Annually about 40, 000 damages caused by leaks are compensated by insurance companies, amounting to ca. EUR 150 million annually. This chart presents the most common causes. 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% The most common reasons are: • Mechanical failure 42% • Corrosion 24% • Clogging ca. 10% • Error in construction, work, design or installation ca. 10% ol Sew d do er m pip es i tic ng D wa H ish ter ea w a t Fa ing sh e W uce ne r tw ar t o m sa do nd rk p m es ipe s tic w Ba ate O ckb r th er oile r re as on * 0% C *waterproofing, pump, valve, air-conditioner 11 2020 Note! Insurance does not cover construction, work, design or installation errors. Source: Finance Finland FFI

Piping supports Criteria to select the supports: • size, material, strength • prevention of movement or allowance of thermal agitation • sound and fire properties • moisture resistance • chemical resistance. → Must use supports according to design. 12 2020

Installation principles • Vertical installations are supported so that unloaded weight and the forces caused by liquid and insulation stress the point of support and not the horizontal connection. • Thermally insulated pipes are supported on the pipe, not on the insulant. • Condensation-insulated pipe can be supported on top of the insulant according to installation instructions. • Vertical installation must include at least one support per floor in addition to the flat roof penetration. • When penetrating a compartment wall, the nearest support is usually installed at 20– 30 cm from the wall so that there is enough space to create a fire stop. • Special attention must be paid to the joints and supports of copper pipes that use high-pressure CO 2 as a cooling agent, because the pressure in the piping may exceed 80 bar (explosion hazard). 13 2020

Thermal expansion • Bending, T joints, and arches around structures receive thermal expansion of the pipes’ hook-up wires and short branching cables. • With long, straight main lines and branching cables, rubber compensators or compensation loops must be installed between the support points to allow thermal expansion. • The yielding support’s distance to the bend, turn, or T joint must be at least 0. 5 m. • Special attention must be paid to installing the rubbers between the supports. More detailed instructions for thermal expansion are included in the Finnish RT standard LVI 12 -10330. 14 2020 Rubber compensator Compensation loop

Thermal expansion of copper pipes (mm) Examples of copper pipe thermal expansion (mm) Length 15 2020 Temperature difference / thermal expansion [mm] m 10°C 40°C 80°C 5 0. 8 3. 4 6. 7 10 1. 7 6. 7 13. 4 20 3. 4 13. 4 26. 7

Support spacing of heating, water and drain pipes made of metal • • • The distance between the supports depends on the material and diameter of the pipe, including tapping. The table presents examples of support distances for steel and copper pipes. The support distances for multilayer pipes are presented in the manufacturers’ installation instructions. Material Steel pipe Annealed copper pipe Hard copper pipe 16 Diameter [mm] Spacing between supports [m] 20– 40 2. 5 50 3. 0 65– 80 4. 0 8– 15 0. 3 8– 15 0. 4– 0. 6 18 1. 25 22– 63 2. 5 76. 1 or more 3. 0 More detailed instructions for spacing between supports are presented in the Finnish RT standard LVI 12 -10370. 2020

Support spacing of heating, water and drain pipes made of plastic • The distance between the supports depends on the material and diameter of the pipe, including tapping. • The table presents examples of support distances for plastic pipes. Material PVC, PEH, PEM PEL, PEX, PB Diameter [mm] Spacing between supports [mm] ≤ 20 700 25 900 32 1000 40 1100 ≤ 20 300 25 400 32 400 40 500 More detailed instructions for spacing between supports are presented in the Finnish RT standard LVI 12 -10370. 17 2020

Fixed points • Fixed points direct the movement caused by thermal expansion correctly. • The points are fixed on a solid structure that can resist the effect of thermal expansion. • In a long vertical installation, the point is fixed in the middle of the pipe so that its movement is directed evenly below and above the point. • A point is fixed on both sides of the joint of two different materials (e. g. copper and plastic). • On plastic domestic water pipes, the fixed points are placed immediately next to the manifold joint, pipe joints, and water fittings. • In connection with faucets and pipes, the fixed point can be replaced by a type-approved quick box. • The fixed points are to be specified in the design drawings. 18 2020

Installing water and heat pipes Quality of joints • Appropriate sleeve collars. • Appropriate clearance. • Marking of joints. • Seals in place. • Compressions performed. • Hemp and pipe sealant in the thread. • Clean soldered and welded joints. • Compression fitting tight but not too tight. • Cupori installation manual 19 2020

Placement of heating thermostats and sensors Consider during installation: • Ventilation airflow; e. g. cool air can flow from a corridor to the sensor even if room temperature is too warm. • Equipment, such as computers’ thermal load Consider during use: • Rugs over sensors or heat pipes. • Thermostats near curtains or thermal load from television or PC. 20 2020

Placement of heating thermostats and sensors • The sensor of the heating thermostat is placed in a guard tube that is tied tightly to a reinforcing bar to prevent movement. • Distance from the wall about 0. 5 m, half way to the heating cables and a few centimetres deep. • If possible, install sensor before casting the concrete. 21 2020

Pipe connections Videos Connecting iron pipes Compression fitting Soldering copper pipes Connecting large thick-walled steel pipes by compression 22 2020

Watch the installation videos critically • • • Where did we do well? Was the video convincing and trustworthy? What could we have done better? Any faults in the installations? Anything left without explanation? Did we present the requirements of previous operations? • Did we present all final stages? • Did we explain quality requirements? • What restrictions does the method involve? 23 2020

Installing ventilation Supports Tightness Ventilation units Heat recovery

Selection of supports Ventilation duct supports must: • Comply with the technical regulations regarding fire safety and soundproofing • Withstand stress, such as: • • • unloaded weight duct insulation weight coating weight vibration chimney sweeping. → Must use supports according to design. 25 2020

Support spacing and principles • The spacing between the supports of uninsulated and insulated circular ducts and oval spiral ducts is max. 3 m. • The spacing between the supports of type-approved uninsulated and insulated rectangular ducts is 2. 0– 2. 5 m. • The supports are always installed from the ventilation duct inside the insulation. • If there are requirements to resist fire inside the duct, the supports are also placed on top of insulation. • If there is a special need for flexible ducts, the supports must be placed 1– 2 m apart. • The support distances for plastic ducts are presented in the manufacturers’ installation instructions. • When penetrating a compartment wall, the nearest support is usually installed at 20– 30 cm from the wall so that there is enough space to create a fire stop. 26 2020

Support spacing of connections and connector fittings Web frame distance max. ≤ 3000 uninsulated ≤ 2000 insulated 2020 Duct size Number of studs/screws 63– 200 ≥ 2 250– 315 ≥ 3 400– 630 ≥ 4 800– 1250 ≥ 8 Connection 27 T coupler Angle ≤ 300 ≤ 600 ≤ 300

Ductwork airtightness • In residences, the airtightness class is usually B. It can be reached by using Class C ducts and parts. • The class improves upwards, meaning that Class C is better than Class B. • According to FIOH’s survey, small residencies do not always achieve Class B. • Attention must be paid to airtightness particularly when installing and servicing HRV wheels and cells. • Ventilation systems must be installed so that their airtightness is easy to measure. • Ventilation panels’ drain and pipe connections can be checked by videotaping the ducts on the inside. • Mounting bathroom units’ drain pipes is a challenging task if the connection is created under the unit. 28 2020

Placing ventilation sensors Consider the following: • Vent airflow direction; do not place the sensor near the clean supply air source. • Location of heating equipment and thermal loads in relation to other equipment • Air flow barriers: beams, lighting fixtures, cable trays, ceiling parts, fixtures. • Clean air supply through windows and doors; do not place the sensor on the frame (of the door). • Using separate sensors enables close-tooptimal placement away from doors, windows, air flows and work stations. 29 2020

Ventilation flow patterns The purpose of ventilation is to create a healthy and pleasant condition for the users of the room. This requires: • good air purge capacity • correct alignment of air flows i. e. flow pattern • minimal direct air flow towards people. Strong or cold air flow in a lounging area causes an unpleasant or even unhealthy draught. Heated or cooled supply airs produce very different flow patterns. • There is free software for exploring flow patterns: Climecon Vent. X • There are useful videos on You. Tube; search using the phrase “smoke tube test”. • A smoke pen can be used to survey air flows if ventilation is already in use. 30 2020 Illustration created using Climecon Vent. X application

Ventilation air purge capacity • Although the total air flow is sufficient, there may be “blind spots” in the room. • Warm supply air may cause a “short-circuit flow”, meaning the supply air that is warmer than the air in the room flows by the ceiling directly into the exhaust vent. • Consider also the following: • vent air flow direction • cable trays, light fixtures, beams, partition walls, ceiling parts, Illustration created using the Climecon Vent. X and fixtures. application • Ventilation under channels, stairs, and cramped storage space is a challenge. 31 2020

HVAC mechanical room Labels and terms Measuring and building automation Heat recovery Quality assurance

33 2020 So pr un oo d fin g r we Bl o ai r ck lo H He RV at in Co g ol in g r Fi lte Ai r or do O ut y pl Su p r ai r So u pr ndoo fin g Ai rl oc k Ex ha us ta i r lte Fi r ai er Bl ow ct Ex tra Ventilation unit – labels and terms

Ventilation unit – metrics P 6 T 6 P 1 T 1 34 2020 P 5 P 2 T 3 P 4 T 5 P 3 T 4

Heat recovery ventilation (HRV) • A significant portion of energy can be recovered from exhaust air by using heat exchangers. • The recovered energy is used to heat supply air or domestic water through a pump using exhaust air. • Heat recovery requires that the building is airtight. Plate heat exchanger 35 2020 Rotary heat exchanger Needle heat exchanger

Heat recovery • Temperature efficiency (maximum) • Rotary heat exchanger more than 60– 80% • Counter flow heat exchanger 60– 80% • Crossflow plate heat exchangers: 50– 70% • Liquid circulation HRV 40– 60% • Temperature efficiency ≠ annual efficiency. Annual efficiency is reduced by e. g. defrosting of cells. • Geothermal systems can produce liquid circulation preheating at small effort and costs. This will improve annual efficiency and produce centralized cooling in the summer. 36 2020 A counter flow cell will produce good temperature efficiency in a small residence.

Mechanical room, quality assurance Check list • • • 37 Pressure and temperature sensors work. Pumps and vents work. Freeze-protection thermostat testing. Pre- and post-heating. Winter mode, cell defrosting, cell bypass testing. Airtightness, HRV wheel air leaks. Damper tightness and operation (open/shut, in “cubic” units). Quality and concentration of AC coolants. Safety distances, snow control and access hatches. Sufficient labels in correct places. 2020

Insulating pipes and ducts

Insulating pipes and ducts • It is important to insulate heat pipes and warm backwater pipes because of both heat loss and thermal loads. • Ventilation duct insulation is needed to prevent: • heat loss in cold rooms • supply air temperature rise • sir humidity condensation on the inside or outside of the pipe surface. 39 2020

Insulating the ducts of the flat roof • In cold rooms, ventilation supply air ducts must be carefully insulated. • Ensure under the ducts that the sinking of blown insulation does not create a cavity of cold air. • The creation of the cavity can be prevented by placing wool sheets between the grids and by placing the ducts near the grid or by stuffing blowing wool under the ducts. • If possible, warm pipes are installed on the warm side of thermal insulation while cold pipes are installed on the cold side of thermal insulation. • Particular attention must be paid to building envelope penetrations in cooperation with construction-technical teams. • At duct insulation, also consider preventing the warming of supply air. 40 2020

Insulatign ducts • In multilayer insulation, the seams are overlapped. • Transverse seams are placed with fasteners. • Top seam always down, if possible. • The seams of aluminium-coated insulanst are taped with aluminium tape. • The durability of the insulation is eventually ensured by braiding iron wire around the duct at 250 mm spacing. 41 2020 in i Sumk © Heid

Condensation control In warm rooms, cold pipes and ducts must be insulated with condensation control material. Condensation control is necessary e. g. with: • outdoor ducts • HRV equipment’s outlet ducts • drainage exhaust ventilation pipes • cold domestic water pipes. © Heidi Sumkin In cold rooms, thermal insulation is needed outside the outlet ducts to prevent condensation water inside the duct. Condensation is controlled either by using aluminium-coated thermal insulation or micro-cellular rubber sheet or tube. The insulation must be air- and water-vapour-tight including joints. Videos: Pipes, vent, service access piece, supports, 42 2020

Fire insulation and soundproofing • Buildings are compartmentalized in order to minimize damages to people and property in case of fire. • The compartments are presented in master drawings (for the building permit). • Fire compartments include: • housing units • mechanical rooms, suchs as heat distribution, parking, large storage • exits, such as stairways. • The compartments are separated by using separating elements, such as walls, ceilings and flat roofs. Their connections must be airtight and fire-resistant. • The joints between the separating elements must be sealed with a fireresistant sealant, if necessary, and building services penetrations protected with fire stops. • The purpose of fire-resistant sealing and fire stops is to prevent heat, gases and flames from spreading in case of fire. • Soundproofing, too, requires apartments to be airtight. 43 2020

Fire sealing and fire stopping In addition to fire resistance, building compartments must be tight against fire gases. Consider the following in particular: • Ceiling or flat roof clearance left above the walls. Fire sealing must be created using e. g. fire-stop filler. • Apartment building services shafts usually require fire stops on each floor. • Housing unit kitchens’ extract air ducts must always be fire insulated (EI 30). Transverse sealing of insulation does not require taping. • Building services penetrations require fire stops tested and approved for compartment wall penetrations, including: • ventilation duct damper • for plastic drains, a fire sleeve or fire stop expansion filler • for cable trays, fire-stop foam filler, fire-resistant plaster board, or non-combustible insulation board. Exercise: Search in Google for images of fire stop products and for installation videos on You. Tube. 44 2020

Soundproofing condenser stands and support structures • In order to avoid unreasonable noise disturbance, the beds for refrigerator compressors must be built with care and include vibration insulation. • The noise of the compressor may have been ignored during design and may cause plenty of toilsome extra work. 45 2020

Initiation of building services system use Installation inspections Performance-test readiness Performance testing Settings Handover documentation User training

Installation inspections Before performance testing, ensure that individual installations and equipment have been correctly implemented, including: • connections • supports • insulation • couplings • directions of rotation. 47 2020

Performance-test readiness • Sufficient time must be reserved for performance testing. • Final power connections have been done on the equipment. • Pipe-work has been rinsed and aired. • Ducts have been swept if necessary. • The rooms must be able to be closed in order to achieve reliable metrics. • The first phase of construction cleaning has been completed. • No major construction work can be done during measuring. 48 2020 Heat exchanger

Cleanliness during installation and introduction to use • Ducts and equipment are stored on site protected from dust. • Duct ends are plugged during installation. • Radiators are kept covered but can be partially uncovered for heating. • All openings must be covered during sanding. • The smallest dust particles are the biggest risk because they are invisible. • Test use can start after final cleaning, not before. • A new building always involves emission from materials and furniture. Radiators and devices are →Ventilation is to be on high power to remain covered to make after final cleaning easier. 49 2020

Inspection of electrical installations before performance testing • Earthing to be completed. • Cable conductor materials, sizes and insulations to comply with the design. • The N and L-phase connections have been made correctly. • Electrical devices’ ingress protection grading according to regulations. • Penetrations have been sealed. 50 2020

Building services system testing Before commissioning the building, the performance of the building services needs to be tested and set. This includes the following: • pressure test of the heating and domestic water system • water flow measurement • radiator valve pre-settings • thermostats and temperature sensors’ operation • pressure sensors’ operation • air volume regulation • temperature measurement • investigation of thermal load impact • simultaneous use of all systems (joint testing) • ensuring reliable operations of alarm, monitoring and reporting systems. 51 2020

Settings • Need-based adjustment of heating can reduce the need for heating energy and even increase thermal comfort by heating the areas that are being occupied. • Heating and ventilation can be controlled by e. g: 2 CO • • • time switches thermal detectors moisture and CO 2 detectors motion sensors sunlight metering. O C RH Pa • When ventilation is well adjusted, the room maintains an even temperature without a sensation of draught. 52 2020

Heat distribution • Regarding heat distribution pre-settings, consider that corner rooms and lower floors require more heating. • Moreover, thermal loads, including solar radiation and delays due to structures’ reserve capacity, must be taken into consideration. • In low-energy buildings, the variation of internal thermal loads affects thermal needs greatly and quickly. Variation in outdoor temperature has a low and slow impact. • Radiation is easy to adjust but it requires a relatively high temperature in the heating network. • Current temperature specification 40/35 applies well to heat pump technology. • Floor heating provides plenty of heating capacity and a sensation of warmth with low temperatures, but slow control may cause overheating. 53 2020

Radiator system default settings Default settings are needed e. g: • for a new building • when changing the heating system • after making changes to ventilation • after adding thermal insulation • after replacing windows. The objective is: • an even temperature in different apartments • saving energy. Radiator heating power is affected by: • radiator surface area • radiator mean temperature and room temperature. The radiator’s mean temperature is approximately the difference of return water temperatures. Illustration of a typical Influent temperature is adjusted based on a temperature graph and return water temperature using situation before balancing the system. the water flow. 54 2020

Default setting phases 1. The special designer creates a temperature graph, water flows, line conditioning, and radiator pre-settings for the heating system. 2. Check the condition of pumps, valves, thermostats and other parts and change any part if necessary. 3. Remove radiator thermostats, fill the system with water, air the pipework and radiators, and adjust system pressure. 4. Set designed default values on the radiator and line conditioning valves. 5. Check water flows or pressure differences on the line conditioning valves. 6. Set heating system adjustment graph. 7. After changing the graph, it takes about 1– 3 days for the changes to apply in the apartments. After this measure room temperatures and adjust settings if necessary. 8. It is important to set the default values during the heating season when mean daily temperature is below – 5°C. 9. Reinstall thermostats and set desired room temperature or control range. During the setting, ventilation must be in operation and the windows of the apartments closed. Curtains are not to cover thermostats. 55 2020

Systems’ cooperation • Simultaneous use of heating and cooling and fluctuation between them must be prevented. • For example, if both heating and cooling have been set at exactly 21 degrees, system delay will cause fluctuation. Set a sufficient margin! • Thermostats and sensors are installed into spots where the room’s condition is typical. • Note computer fans, sunlight, cool surfaces etc. • The thermostats are not to be covered by other installations, curtains or towels. 56 2020

Ventilation metrics © Heidi Sumkin • When putting a building to use, ventilation operation is ensured by metering and settings. • Before metering, the rooms must be finished and at least the first phase of final cleaning completed. • The metrics must be taken during different seasons, and a manual shall present the default values for each season. • Metering should be done for various use cases: • heating and cooling • separate outlets: central vacuum system, fireplace, cooker hood • saw dust collectors, local exhaust ventilation, spray cabinets. . . • Metering should be done in a fairly calm weather. • Pressure difference over the building envelope must also be 1 l/s = 3. 6 m 3/h checked. It should be a few Pascals at maximum in a small 1 m 3/h= 0. 27 l/s residence. • In larger buildings, duct work airtightness and pressure differences between rooms are to be inspected. • The metering and settings are to be documented in minutes. 57 2020

Thermic pressure difference, ratio and tightness • Warm air is light, which causes pressure in the upper part of a building. Respectively underpressure is caused in the lower part of the building. • The objective is to achieve balance across the building envelope in order to avoid: – 26 o. C • contaminants in structures and soil to spread into indoor air • moisture transfer to structures. +21 o. C 5 Pa • Consider also the following: • pressure difference between apartments 2 Pa • airtightness of apartment door frames • fire stops in the flues on the floors 9 Pa • fire compartment airtightness. • If smell of food is spread from one apartment to another, there are likely to be faults in soundproofing and fire insulation. 58 2020

Setting the ventilation of a small residence • The objective is to plan air flows with minimum pressure loss. That means the vents are to throttle as little as possible. • Small pressure loss leads to a good SFP (Specific Fan Power) value. This refers to ventilation fans’ specific electrical power consumption. According to the provision, the value must be less than 1. 8 k. W/(m 3/s). However, an overrun of 10% is allowed at measuring. • Ventilation drawings include room-specific air flows, and adding them up results in the total air contents transferred by the ventilation unit. 59 2020

Setting the ventilation of a small residence • The volumes of supply and exhaust air should be in balance, or that of exhaust air can be a bit larger. • It must be possible to direct air flows according to load or air quality: • Boost at least 30% • Reduce max. 60% • Outdoor air flow must be at least 0. 15 (dm³/s)/m 2 outside the planned time of use, and air must change in all rooms. • Room-specific air flow can differ from the plan 10– 20%. Total air flow below 10%. 60 2020

Setting the ventilation of a small residence phase by phase 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 61 Pre-set exhaust air vents so that the vent of the largest exhaust air flow is completely open (disk valves until value +12 …. +15). The vent of the smallest exhaust air flow is set to 0. Other exhaust vents according to air flow ratios. The supply air vents are first set completely open +12 mm or +15 mm because it is not a good idea to throttle any extra. The exhaust and supply fan of the ventilation unit is set to factory default value (100%). Place gauge connections on the exhaust side, i. e. one gauge hose to the gauge connection of the exhaust air duct and the other to the gauge connection of the extract air duct. The distance of the gauge connections drilled on the ducts should be x 2 from the fans, couplers and bends. Measure exhaust side pressure loss across the unit using various fan rates. Move the gauge hoses on the supply side and measure the pressure difference with each fan rate. Mark the results on the graph and connect the dots in order to specify the correct operating point for the unit. 2020

Setting the ventilation of a small residence phase by phase 8. The graph shows how much to reduce the exhaust air fan control from the default value 100% in order to reach the desired exhaust air volume. 9. The content specified in the plan should be reached close to the fans’ average speed. This example includes 8 alternative fan rates and uses the value 5. 10. If exhaust air is too much at rate 5, Graph: Vallox Oy the gauge hoses are changed to measure the pressure difference on the exhaust side. 11. Fan speed is set to 5 and after that the fan’s control rate is reduced to the value with which the desired pressure difference is achieved. 12. Once pressure difference matches the graph, it is known that the desired amount (56 l/s) of exhaust air is flowing through the unit. The speed of both fans was changed here. 62 2020

Setting the ventilation of a small residence phase by phase 13. Switch the gauge hoses to the supply side and reduce fan speed to a value that results in the desired pressure difference for the supply air. This setting only affects the supply air fan. After the unit has been set, fan speed or fan ratio is not changed, because at this point the exhaust air flow is known to be on the desired level (exhaust air flow 56 l/s and supply air flow 52 l/s). After setting the unit, measure air flows on the vents. First measure all vent air flows but do not change the settings. After the metering round, calculate or estimate and set new values for the vents. The computed total air flow must remain the same. After changing the settings, measure the air flows anew. Once the air flows differ less than 10– 20% of the target, the settings are sufficiently accurate. Because there are several vents in the house and changing one setting affects other vents’ air flows, several metering rounds may be needed. 14. 15. 16. 17. Remember to remove insect screens from supply air vents to prevent blockage. 63 2020

Handover documentation and user training • The changes made during installations are documented on the final drawings. • Copies of functional diagrams and metering minutes are left in the mechanical and heating distribution rooms. • Information about switches is labeled outside the power room door, and their manuals are kept inside the room. • All guidelines are checked to be appropriate with the users. • System users are trained to use the systems correctly. 64 2020 NEW

Signs and labels • The control panels of equipment are named and labeled understandably and clearly using plates. • Plain language is used to mark e. g: • • • 65 light switches time switches room thermostats sensors controllers. 2020

Check list for building services installations • Avoid unnecessary angles and penetrations in duct routing. • Aim to place ducts, pipes and electrical installations inside the vapour barrier. • Make duct and pipe thermal and condensation © Heidi Sumkin insulation airtight and durable. • Place sensors and thermostats so that they are not in direct contact with blow, thermal load, or cold. • Do not add to pressure loss by throttling the vents too much. • Check rotation direction of pumps and fans and correct rotation of heating water in radiators and other heat exchangers as well as air flow direction in ducts and units. • Check water flow direction in water meters. • Test to prevent simultaneous heating and cooling. • The principles of energy efficient building use and maintenance are presented in the building’s operation manual. • Monitor indoor air temperature, quality and energy consumption. 66 2020

Note! • Airtight structures, duct and pipe connections, and penetrations, and wellinsulated installations are the cornerstone of energy efficient building services engineering. • It is a challenge to design and set hybrid systems. Testing is of utmost importance. • It is important to monitor systems’ operation, including: • • a. Air quality, heat and moisture potentially CO 2, air contents, air flow… energy consumption maintenance tasks, such as cleaning of the ventilation filters. © He idi Su mkin • The users’ behaviour greatly affects energy consumption, and the users must be trained and advised to use the systems. • There are several ways to reduce energy consumption while potentially increasing thermal comfort. • The requirements and instructions on the work specifications must be followed. 67 2020

Thank you! This learning material contains good practices and principles for energyefficient construction. The authors do not guarantee that the methods apply to any particular project as such. Any individual project must comply with its specific plans and designs. The original material was produced for EU’s Horizon 2020 programme, the BUILD UP Skills project (Motiva Oy, TTS, TUT, 2016). Learning material team: Olli Teriö, Jukka Lahdensivu, Juhani Heljo, Jaakko Sorri, Ulrika Uotila, Aki Peltola, Jari Hämäläinen & Heidi Sumkin. This material has been updated in 2019 (Olli Teriö). www. motiva. fi/buildupskills