Buddha Siddhartha Gautama 563 483 B C E

Buddha � Siddhartha Gautama (563 -483 B. C. E. ) � “Enlightened � One” Fourfold Noble Path � Life is suffering � Suffering is caused by desire � To end suffering one must end desire � Overcome desire by Eightfold Path � Right view, resolve, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, concentration Emphasis on ethical, moderate living � Liberation through knowledge � Truth lies within

Mauryan Empire

Emperor Ashoka � � Unified all of India Buddhism as state religion � Doctrine � of Non-violence Buddhist monks as missionaries

The Great Stupa of Sanchi

Rock Temple of Trimurti

Mathura & Sarnath style Buddhas

Mithura

Hindu dance � � � Natya Shastra-2 nd c. bce 9 rasas-emotions designated by hand positions (mudras) Dance a blend of rhythm, drama, and expression

Warring States

Classical Chinese Philosphy �Daoism �Confucianism �Legalism

Daoism � � � � Lao-tzu Dao de Jing (The Way and Its Power) Total simplicity-transcend the material world One must release himself by harmonizing with nature and disengaging from the affairs of the world [wu wei] Actionless Action, Effortless Effort Intuition, spontaneity Scorned government and other manmade institutions

Confucianism Kung Fu-Tzu or Confucius (551 -479 B. C. E. ) � Creating a new, virtuous social order based on self-discipline and proper relations among people Innate goodness of mankind A philosophy representing “traditional values” compassion and respect (ren) reverence for one’s elders (li) duty (yi) � Good government will bring good society, a sage ruler is needed to keep order � Authority and discipline Inferior should obey superior, younger should obey older, wife should obey husband �

Teachings from the Analects � � Tzu-kung asked, saying, "Is there one world which may serve as a rule of practice for all one's life? " The Master said, "Is not reciprocity such a word? What you do not want done to yourself, do not do to others. " The Master said, "The determined scholar and the man of virtue will not seek to live at the expense of humanity. They will even sacrifice their lives to preserve their humanity. " The Master said, "The superior man in everything considers righteousness to be essential. He performs it according to the rules of propriety (li ). He brings it forth in humility. He completes it with sincerity. This is indeed a superior man. " The Master said, "The object of the superior man is truth. . The superior man is anxious lest he should not get truth; he is not anxious lest poverty should come upon him. "

� Daoist criticism of Confucianism � interfered with the innate characteristics of things � created distinction between men and other beings � complicated life and provoked debates � caused contention for profits and fame � promoted disorder—an evil ruler or an ineffective husband could not be disobeyed

Legalism Han Feizi (298 -238 bce) � Innate evil of mankind-must be controlled through harsh laws � Reward good deeds, punish bad deeds severely � Rule of Law—law is supreme

The Unification of China � Qin Dynasty (221 -206 bce) � Qin Shihuangdi, “First Emperor” � Based rule on Legalism � Centralization of authority � Persecuted followers of Confucius � Burning of the books � Built the Great Wall � Standardized weights and measures, written language, and money � The Emperor’s tomb quite elaborate

The Great Wall of China. Qin Dynasty. Roughly 4000 miles, averaging 16– 20 feet wide, 16– 26 feet high

Qin dynasty, c. 210 bce

Han Dynasty (206 bce– 220 ad) � Promoted Confucianism as state ideology � Scholar � bureaucrats educated in Confucian classics Emperor as a moral agent � Rep. of hierarchical order of mankind � A reflection of the order of the universe � Responsible for keeping mankind in harmony Does this through moral suasion Sets a moral example

Extent of the Han Dynasty

Models of Han Dynasty Homes

Arts in Classical China � � Blend of new and traditional styles Direct impressions of daily life Shrines, monumental carvings Emphasis on craftsmanship � Precision � � and clarity of design Development of paper Calligraphy � Emphasis on beauty of line

Prancing Horse, Han Dynasty, 2 nd century ce

Monochrome drawings Emphasis on nature

Painting on Silk Banner

Lacquerware (475 bce)

Silk Road