BTY 100 Lec5 2 Genetic EngineeringA Potential Solution

BTY 100 -Lec#5. 2 Genetic Engineering-A Potential Solution © LPU : BTY 100

Outline • Genetically Modified Organisms – Transgenic Bacteria – Transgenic Crops – Transgenic Animals • Problems and Issues © LPU : BTY 100

Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) or Transgenic Organisms • A transgenic organism is one that carries a foreign gene that has been deliberately inserted into its genome. • Transgene describes a segment of DNA containing a gene sequence that has been isolated from one organism and is introduced into a different organism. • to favour the expression of desired physiological traits or the production of desired biological products. © LPU : BTY 100

Suntory • Suntory, a rose containing the gene for a blue pigment Delphinidin isolated from pansy was produced in 2004 by genetic engineering of a white rose. Aqu. Advantage salmon Is a genetically modified Atlantic salmon. A growth hormone-regulating gene from a Pacific Chinook salmon was added to the Atlantic salmon’s genome • These genes enable it to grow year-round instead of only during spring and summer. • © LPU : BTY 100

Transgenic Organisms • Transgenic Bacteria • Transgenic Plants • Transgenic Animals • Pseudomonas • Cyanobacteria • Flavr Savr tomato • Golden Rice • High milk yielding animals • Glowing and see through animals © LPU : BTY 100

Genetically Modified Bacteria Pseudomonas bacteria Enhanced oil degradation capability © LPU : BTY 100 Cyanobacteria Enhanced to reduce CO 2

Fighting Pollution with Genetically Modified Organisms. Bioremediation “Remediate" means to solve a problem, "bio-remediate" means to use biological organisms to solve an environmental problem such as contaminated soil or groundwater. © LPU : BTY 100

Treating Oil Spills using oil eating bacteria This mass of dead fish was discovered in the Bayou Chaland area of Louisiana in 2010. © LPU : BTY 100

• An oil spill is an environmental hazard that is dangerous to many species of plants and animals. • Prof Ananda Mohan Chakrabarty genetically engineered a new species of Pseudomonas bacteria. These strains of soil bacteria naturally use oils in the environment as their food. They also need some inorganic nutrients, oxygen and water in their environment in order to survive. © LPU : BTY 100

Simple Chemistry © LPU : BTY 100

Bacteria engineered to turn CO 2 into liquid fuel • Cyanobacteria are aquatic and photosynthetic, that is, they live in the water, and can manufacture their own food. Because they are photosynthetic and aquatic they are often called "blue-green algae“. © LPU : BTY 100

Carbon Dioxide- Green House Gas. Researchers from the University of California, have genetically modified a cyanobacterium to consume carbon dioxide and produce the liquid fuel isobutanol, which holds great potential as a gasoline alternative. The reaction is powered directly by energy from sunlight, through photosynthesis. The research appears in the Dec. 9, 2009 print edition of the journal Nature Biotechnology and is available online. © LPU : BTY 100

Advantages: • It recycles carbon dioxide, reducing greenhouse gas emissions resulting from the burning of fossil fuels. • It uses solar energy to convert the carbon dioxide into a liquid fuel that can be used in the existing energy infrastructure, including in most automobiles © LPU : BTY 100

Genetic Engineering: Transgenic Crops ak: y on i t k c u Qui ne tic g a sol r? e Is g ineerin Hunge Eng orld’s n and es? i o to W nutriti ficienc l Ma in de m vita © LPU : BTY 100

Transgenic Crops Flavr Savr tomato Golden Rice Engineered to have a longer shelf life Engineered to have large amount of Vit-A © LPU : BTY 100

Flavr Savr tomato The Flavr Savr tomato was the first commercially (1994) grown genetically engineered food to be granted a license for human consumption. The gene responsible for softening ripe tomatoes was reduced to allow tomatoes to ripen slowly and have a longer shelf life. Flavr. Savr was withdrawn because of disappointing sales. © LPU : BTY 100

Golden Rice Genetically modified rice that now contains a large amount of A-vitamins. Bcarotene gene isolated from Daffodils was introduced into the DNA of Rice plant. The rice contains the element beta-carotene which is converted in the body into Vitamin-A. © LPU : BTY 100

Other Benefits Other Desirable traits that can be achieved using Genetic Engineering: These include: • Crop Improvement • Resistance against Herbicides, Insects, Viruses • Delayed Fruit Ripening • Salt and drought tolerance © LPU : BTY 100

Grapple Graisin Apple & Grape. © LPU : BTY 100 Giant Raisin Lemato Lemon & tomato Future Researches………

Transgenic Animals A transgenic animal is one whose genome has been changed to carry genes from other species. Transgenic animals are useful as disease models and producers of substances for human welfare. Transgenic mice, rats, rabbits, pigs, sheep, and cows have already been created. © LPU : BTY 100

Need for Transgenic animals? The two most common reasons are: • Some transgenic animals are produced for specific economic traits. For example, transgenic cattle were created to produce milk containing particular human proteins, which may help in the treatment of human emphysema. • Other transgenic animals are produced as disease models (animals genetically manipulated to exhibit disease symptoms so that effective treatment can be studied). © LPU : BTY 100

High milk yielding animals • Cows genetically modified to produce healthier milk. Genetically modified cow may hold answer for milk allergy • Scientists have created cows that have been genetically modified to produce milk which is healthier for humans. © LPU : BTY 100

Web-spinning goats Strong, flexible spider silk is one of the most valuable materials in nature, and it could be used to make an array of products — from artificial ligaments to parachute cords In 2000, Nexia Biotechnologies announced a goat that produced spiders’ web protein in its milk Researchers inserted a spiders’ dragline silk gene into the goats’ DNA in such a way that the goats would make the silk protein only in their milk. This “silk milk” could then be used to manufacture a web-like material called Biosteel. © LPU : BTY 100

See-Through Animals • Japan is the home to this translucent “Ryunkin" goldfish and the see-through frog. • The idea was to eliminate the need for dissecting fish for lab experiments, a practice opposed by animal rights groups. See-through skin reveals a beating heart, brain and other internal organs. © LPU : BTY 100

Glowing Animals!!! Insertion of a gene found in Jellyfish causes these animals to glow. Such animals are basically used a models to study about human diseases © LPU : BTY 100

Glo. Fish • The Glo. Fish appears to glow in the dark and comes in dazzling colors like Star fire Red, Electric Green, and Sunburst Orange. • These fish absorb light and then re-emit it, which makes them look like they're glowing, especially under a black light. • The Glo. Fish was developed by scientists who were trying to create a fluorescent fish that would respond to polluted water. © LPU : BTY 100 osep r u p the n i a l p lution x l E o p a h is s This fis r and detect to ing. w o indica l g on by i t u l l o p esting t a e k Its li ent. m p i u eq

Even Plants Can Glow. A Glowing Tobacco Plant!!! A tobacco plant in which the gene for fire fly luciferase is expressed: the plant glows when watered with luciferin (a substrate for this enzyme). Imagine a Glowing Christmas Tree in future!!!! © LPU : BTY 100

Problems Associated with Genetic Engineering is a two-edged sword. GE continues to impact our lives in many ways: the Green Revolution, the quest for perfect animal stock, disease treatment, or human reproduction But success also has brought concerns, ethical issues and a lot of controversies along with it. © LPU : BTY 100

Few Issues Scientists playing GOD Advancements allow scientists to create animals that are on one hand completely foreign to the earth and on the other, specifically tailored to possess only the traits that humans desire in animals. They are tampering with nature by mixing genes among species. By doing this they are not only disturbing the species boundaries but also creating an imbalance in nature © LPU : BTY 100

Transgenic Livestock as Drug Factories Animals are being engineered/ exploited for many purposes, Examples: By introducing key human genes into mammals, biologists can induce dairy animals to produce therapeutic proteins in their milk. Pigs engineered to produce milk that contain Protein C (Human blood agent which helps in clotting), Engineered sheep's to create human proteins called alpha 1 - antitrypsin, used to treat emphysema. © LPU : BTY 100

References • • • http: //www. disabled-world. com/artman/publish/genetic-engineering. shtml http: //www. fountainmagazine. com/Issue/detail/Genetic-Engineerings-impact-onour-lives http: //www. actionbioscience. org/biotech/agar. html http: //www. mnn. com/green-tech/research-innovations/photos/12 -bizarreexamples-of-genetic-engineering/related-photos http: //envbiotech. blogspot. in/2012/08/use-of-genetic-engineered-organismsfor. html http: //www. nature. com/scitable/topicpage/genetically-modified-organisms-gmostransgenic-crops-and-732 http: //listverse. com/2008/04/01/top-10 -bizarre-genetically-modified-organisms/ http: //www. nwrage. org/content/it-rosato-lemato-gm-tom-has-floral-fruity-smell http: //www. fruitsinfo. com/lemato-hybrid-fruits. php Handout http: //www. faseb. org/portals/2/pdfs/opa/cloning. pdf © LPU : BTY 100