BTEC Health Social Care Level 3 Unit 1

BTEC Health & Social Care Level 3 Unit 1: Human Lifespan Development External Examination Exam Date: 10 th January 2018

Unit 1 Content Topic A Human growth and development through life stages • • • Different life stages PIES Developmental milestones Contemporary articles Physical, psychology and sociology of human life stages. Topic B Factors affecting human growth and development • Factors impacting on individuals • Developmental factors • Social and public health impact on development of individuals • Use of contemporary articles to explain factors impacting on individuals Topic C Effects of ageing • Physical, physiological and societal effects of aging. • Changes in roles • Impact of aging on individuals • Use of contemporary media to explain aging effects.

Topic B - Factors affecting Human Growth and Development B 1: Nature/Nurture debate related factors B 2: Genetic factors that affect development B 3: Environmental factors that affect development B 4: Social factors that affect development B 5: Economic factors that affect development B 6: Major life events that affect development

Topic B 1 - The Nature/Nurture Debate What does nature and nurture actually mean? Nurture The influences that an environment has on an individual including social and environmental factors. Nature Physical characteristics which are biologically determined by genetic inheritance. Give examples of biological physical characteristics ? What nurture factors influence our behaviour? • • • Education Parenting styles Social class Diet/exercise Environment Religion There is still a debate as to whether these factors are also ‘wired in’ before a child is born or whether they are influenced by their environment • • • Eye/hair colour Straight/curly hair Weight/ height Life expectance Skin pigmentation Nature or Nurture? Behavioural tendencies, personality traits, mental abilities

Topic B 1 - The Nature/Nurture Debate Concepts behind Nature and Nurture Bowlby’s theory of attachment (biological perspective of development) explains the bond between mother and child as a innate process. Chomsky proposed language is developed through innate language Acquision device. Characteristics and differences not observed at birth but which emerge later in life, are referred to as maturation The ‘nature’ perspective is based on an assumption that all individuals have an inner ‘biological clock’ that determines when and at what rate physical development will progress. Bandura’s social learning theory focuses on the environmental influences children learn from including imitation and role modelling.

Topic B 1 - Nature/Nurture Maturation Gesell’s Maturation theory Arnold Gesell looked into children’s biological maturation around the 1940’s – 1950’s. Recap! – What is maturation? Genetically programmes sequence of change He developed the ‘normative approach’ by observing large numbers of children to find the skills and abilities that most children had in each age group. Gesells findings include: • Identifying norm’s or milestones for each developmental aspect. • A child moves through the sequence at their own pace. • Development was predetermined and that the environment had little influence. • If a child experiences delayed development then the issue is one of heredity rather than the child’s environment.

Topic B 1 - Nature/Nurture Maturation Milestones are used today to measure development and identify developmental delay. Critics state that this theory does not take into consideration individual or cultural differences or children with learning difficulties. Group Discussion 1. Discuss the importance of milestones for professionals when observing and assessing the development of infants and children. 2. Give reasons for how knowing a child’s stage of development can improve developmental outcomes for children in the long term

Topic B - Development as a result of Environmental Factors Bandura’s social learning theory Banduras theory is based on observations of learning occurring through observing the behaviour of others. Give examples of behaviours you have seen children modelling: Pretending to use mobile phone, repeating phrases, pretending to clean, hitting, swearing. The sequencing for Social learning theory. 1. The child notices the behaviour of another person. 2. The child internalises the action/behaviour by remembering what they have observed. 3. The child the child reproduces the behaviour not necessarily straight away but when the opportunity occurs. 4. Depending on the outcome (positive/negative) reinforcement children will either repeat or not the behaviour.

Topic B - Development as a result of Environmental Factors Positive reinforcement The behaviour is repeated because of personal satisfaction (intrinsic reinforcement) or rewards (extrinsic reinforcement). Examples include: • Star charts • Certificates • Praise • Awards Negative reinforcement The behaviour is not repeated to avoid an adverse experience such as lack of satisfaction or to avoid being told off. Examples include: • Remove behaviours • Replace with another behaviour • Ignore behaviour https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=zer. CK 0 l. Rjp 8 Bandura based his theory on a famous experiment using a Bobo doll in which he demonstrated that children learn and copy aggressive behaviour by observing adults behaving aggressively.

Topic B - Stress-diathesis Model • This psychological model explains that stress is caused by life events (nurture) • However the impact that these have on the person is linked to the individuals genetic makeup(nature) and the impact this can have on mental wellbeing. • This theory explains that some individuals have either a biological or genetic predisposition to mental illness. (this is referred to as diathesis) • However; a person who has a genetic predisposition to mental illness may never develop the disorder if they never experience a stress trigger in their life. What life events can trigger stress? Family conflict, abuse, trauma, problems at school

Stop and Practice Form small groups to discuss what nature/nurture means to you. Draw overlapping circles on paper. Note the characteristics that you mainly associate with your genetic makeup (nature) in one circle and those you mainly associate with your environment (nurture) in the other. Place characteristics that are affected by both in the overlap. Nature Nurture