Bryophytes Nonvascular land plants Mosses liverworts and hornworts

Bryophytes • Nonvascular land plants • Mosses, liverworts and hornworts • Gametophyte (n) is photosynthetic , dominant generation • Typically groundhugging plants (Why? ) 1

Ferns • Seedless vascular plants • Horsetails and ferns • Sporophyte (2 n) is dominant generation • Most common in damp areas due to flagellated sperm that must swim to reach eggs 2

Gymnosperms • “Naked” seeds not enclosed in ovaries • Conifers, ginkgos, and cycads • Sporophyte (2 n) is the dominant generation • Seeds are exposed on modified leaves that usually form cones 3

Angiosperms • Flowering plants • Pecan trees, roses, peach trees, tomatoes • Sporophyte (2 n) generation is dominant • Flowers and fruit • Most abundant of all plant species 4

Plant Structure and Function A simple body plan underlies the diversity of plant forms that exist today. 5

Hierarchy of Plant Organization Systems - root and shoot Organs – roots, stems, and leaves. 6

Organ Systems: 7

Organs: Roots – anchor a vascular plant to the soil, absorb minerals and water, and often store carbohydrates 8

Root Adaptations Each of these evolutionary root adaptations increase plant survival in a given environment.

Organs: Stems the main photosynthetic organs Stems – lift leaves and reproductive structures 10

Stem Adaptations Some plants have stems with additional functions, such as food storage and asexual reproduction. These are examples of modified stems.