Brown dwarfs from Spain Jos Antonio Caballero Centro

Brown dwarfs from Spain José Antonio Caballero Centro de Astrobiología (CSICINTA), Madrid I’m not talking on CARMENES

Theoretical prediction: Kumar 1963 Hayashi & Nakano 1963 Given name: Tarter 1976 Q 1: Who discovered the first brown dwarf? And when?

Teide 1 (Rebolo, Martín & Zapatero Osorio 1995) In the Pleiades τ ~125 Ma d = 118 pc Sp. T: M 8 V (with lithium!) M = 50 MJup

De fuscis pusillis astris et giganteis exoplanetis: • Pumilio fusca • Brown dwarf • Enana marrón / café • Naine brune • Brauner Zwerg • Nana bruna • Anã marrom Q 2: Are brown dwarfs “brown”? A 2: They are “infrared”… And faint! Kelu 1 AB with CAIN-II at 1. 5 m TCS (Teide)

Mass-effective temperature-colour sequence: • Aguerri: galaxy clusters • Sánchez-Blanco: nearby/distant galaxies • Simón-Díaz: massive stars in the Local Group • Bouy: stars in the Galaxy • Caballero: brown dwarfs? • Pallé: exoplanets • Ortiz: TNOs in Solar System O Be A Fine Girl Kiss My Lips Tonight (Yeah!)

1997: Delfosse et al. (DENIS) found the first objects with L spectral type Teff ≈ 2200 -1300 K

1995: Nakajima et al. found the first object with T spectral type (GJ 229 B) Teff ≈ 1300 -700 K

Q 3: Do all brown dwarfs have spectral types L or T (or Y)? And do all stars have spectral types M and earlier? A 3: No. There are (young) M-type brown dwarfs and (old) L-type stars! It depends on age. . . This way…

Ultracool dwarfs from Spain José Antonio Caballero Centro de Astrobiología (CSICINTA), Madrid I’m not talking on CARMENES yet

Telescope Instruments “today” Instruments “tomorrow” 10. 4 m GTC OSIRIS, Canari. Cam, CIRCE, EMIR, FRIDA, ELMER, EMIR, MEGARA, MIRADAS 6. 5 m HEXA … HECATE, MONSUL, GEA 4. 2 m WHT ISIS, LIRIS, Auto. Fib 2/WYFFOS, ACAM, PFIP, NAOMI/Ingrid-Oasis. Osca, (VIs) WEAVE, +? 3. 6 TNG DOLORES, NICS, SARG, HARPS-N, GIANO, +? 3. 5 m CAHA LAICA, MOSCA, PMAS, TWIN, Ω 2 k CARMENES, PMAS 2. 6 m NOT ALFOSC, NOTCam, FIES, MOSCA, Stan. Cam ? 2. 5 m INT WFC, IDS 2. 5 m J-T 250 JPCam 2. 2 m CAHA BUSCA, CAFOS, CAFÉ, PANIC, CAFÉ

Future of ultracool studies: • 10. 4 m GTC: out of discussion • 6. 5 m HEXA: HECATE Gaia-machine with substellar potential (esp. , young brown dwarfs in open clusters) • 4. 2 m WHT: WEAVE Gaia-machine with (limited) substellar potential (“super-WYFFOS”) + ? • 3. 6 m TNG: HARPS-N for exoplanets, GIANO for M dwarfs? Italian… • 3. 5 m CAHA: CARMENES for exoplanets (around M dwarfs) • 2. 6 m NOT: ? Nordic… • 2. 5 m INT: WFC Wide-field optical imager • 2. 5 m J-T 250: JPCam Ultrawide-field optical imager • 2. 2 m CAHA: PANIC Wide-field near-infrared imager

Complementary to ETSRC report, but focused on ultracool dwarfs: Wide-field optical imagers: • WFC, JPCam (South: VST Paranal, LSST Cerro Pachón; North: Super. SDSS) What else!? WFC age? Wide-field near-infrared imager: • PANIC (South: VISTA; “North”: UKIDSS) Perfect for δ > +20 deg, but overlaps with VISTA below (ZYJHKs) PANIC’s dilemma: complement VISTA, UKIDSS, 2 MASS? o Depth o Repetition (proper motions, monitoring) o Spatial resolution (@3. 5 m. CA) o New sites (or VLS? ) / new filters

Missing instruments: • Hi-throughtput optical imagers with good pixel sampling: ACAM/WHT, MOSCA/NOT… • Lucky imagers: Astra. Lux/2. 2 m. CA (only Wide. Fast. Cam/TCS) • Hi-throughput, wide-λ-coverage, mid- and lo-res long-slit spectrographs: ISIS/WHT, CAFOS/2. 2 m. CA (only at GTC…) New X-Shooter-like instrument at a 2 -4 m telescope? ELMER at another one? OSIRIS/GTC: Caballero, García-Álvarez, Cabrera and the GTC/VSOP Team, in prep.

To Marc Balcells: • Service-mode observations; better “Phase-2” • Pipeline-reduced data • Everything in VO after proprietary time To David Barrado: • If, e. g. , PANIC repeats the VISTA Galaxy Cluster Survey in only one band with same depth order of magnitude of 100 nights To both: • Do not forget efficient, multipurpose instruments at 2 -m telescopes (e. g. , X-ISIS)

Object 2 H burning 1 H burning Mass (Msol [MJup]) (Zsol) Star yes Brown dwarf yes >0. 075 [> 72] no 0. 075 -0. 013 [72 -14] no <0. 013 [< 14] Sub-stellar object Planet* no *: Planet or “planetary-mass object”