Brown bear Ursus arctos L in Croatia IV

Brown bear (Ursus arctos L. ) in Croatia IV Women and Sustainable Hunting Conference Finland, 2018

Croatian hunting grounds • In the Republic of Croatia there are 1084 hunting grounds, out of which 770 are common open hunting grounds and 314 are state open hunting grounds • The total area of the hunting ground is 5. 476. 038 hectares • Organized hunting is associated with the Croatian Hunting Federation which combines hunting associations into a single organization that takes care of hunting on the state level and represents hunting outside its borders

Status of the brown bear in Croatia • The brown bear in Croatia is a free-ranging species inhabiting an ecologically preserved area of more than 10. 000 km 2 (1. 000 ha) • The area is part of the wider Alps-Dinaric-Pindos region, which is home to a large brown bear population • The brown bear has been included on the Red List of Threatened Species of Fauna and Flora of the Republic of Croatia (2004) • The Hunting Act classifies the brown bear as a game species in Croatia. The Act also lays down provisions for its protection • The Brown Bear Management Plan for the Republic of Croatia was developed in 2004 and adopted in May 2004 by means of the Decision of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management

Distribution and range • The bear distribution areas in Croatia may be categorized into areas with permanent bear presence and areas with occasional (desirable or undesirable) bear presence • Permanent bear presence habitats areas in which bears satisfy all their food, water, space, tranquillity, cover, breeding and denning needs and in which bears are present during year round • The current permanent bear presence habitat in Croatia extends over 9. 573, 36 km 2 (957. 336 ha) • 94, 2% of the permanent bear presence area are hunting units, while 5, 8% thereof are parts of national parks

Habitat capacity • Bears in Croatia inhabit an area of 12. 000 km 2 (1. 200. 000 ha) • The density of bears is different in different areas, i. e. from 0. 5 up to 2, whilst in certain smaller areas and during shorter periods more specimens may be present in an area of 10 km 2 (1. 000 ha) • The best habitats in Gorski Kotar, Velika Kapela, Mala Kapela and Velebit, have an average density of 1 or more bears per 10 km 2 • For the purpose of comparison, in northern forests and taigas of Scandinavia, Siberia, Canada and Alaska bear population density amounts to only 0, 1 specimens per 10 km 2

Number of bears • Currently there are different estimates of the number of bears in Croatia although none were made using strict scientific criteria • According to the data from the hunting management programmes of hunting unit leaseholders in charge of bear management, the following estimates of the number of bears were made for previous hunting years: 2000/2001 = 813 bears 2001/2002 = 854 bears 2006 = 716 bears • By adding this number to approximately 150 specimens living in 57 common hunting units, a total of 866 bears is obtained

Monitoring of population trends • The monitoring of the bear population is carried out through observation and counting of bears at feeding sites and other sorts of encounters with bears in their habitat • Genetic identification is used to determine the absolute number of bears • Samples of fresh bear scat are used for DNA extraction for the purpose of genetic identification • Genetic assessment of the total size of the population shall be conducted every 3 to 5 years

Hunting season • The bear hunting season in a calendar year lasts from 16 February to 15 May and from 16 September to 15 December • The cull quota includes legal hunting, poaching, removal of nuisance bears, bear deaths due to traffic and other anthropogenic causes, as well as the removal of live bears from the population • Young bears following their mother and females leading their young are not culled • The basic criteria for the distribution of the quota are: quality and size of habitat and population density

Hunting methods • Bears are hunted individually during moonlit nights by waiting on a high hunting stand near a feeding station in accordance with the provisions of the Hunting Act • Advantages of bear hunting from a high hunting stand are the following: • It provides a good vantage point for observation, determination of age and sex category of the bear and the chosen specimen • It reduces the possibility of injuring the bear • Minimum disturbance of the habitat • Usually a forest road leads to the hunting stand on feeding station, which facilitates access to the stand to the hunter and his assistant, transportation of food to the feeding station and handling of the harvested game • It is the safest hunting method for the hunter, the assistant and the surroundings • It is the most efficient manner of bear harvesting control

Bear extraction from 2005 to 2018

2005 Total planned 100 bears Regular cull 80 bears Other losses 20 bears Total realized 52 bears Regular cull 31 bears Other losses 21 bears

2006 Total planned 100 bears Regular cull 70 bears Other losses 30 bears Total realized 85 bears Regular cull 49 bears Other losses 36 bears

2007 Total planned 100 bears Regular cull 70 bears Other losses 30 bears Total realized 58 bears Regular cull 50 bears Other losses 8 bears

2008 Total planned 100 bears Regular cull 70 bears Other losses 30 bears Total realized 111 bears Regular cull 64 bears Other losses 47 bears

2009 Total planned 140 bears Regular cull 100 bears Other losses 40 bears Total realized 110 bears Regular cull 86 bears Other losses 24 bears

2010 Total planned 140 bears Regular cull 100 bears Other losses 40 bears Total realized 119 bears Regular cull 86 bears Other losses 33 bears

2011 Total planned 140 bears Regular cull 100 bears Other losses 40 bears Total realized 84 bears Regular cull 70 bears Other losses 14 bears

2012 Total planned 140 bears Regular cull 100 bears Other losses 40 bears Total realized 148 bears Regular cull 117 bears Other losses 31 bears

2013 Total planned 150 bears Regular cull 120 bears Other losses 30 bears Total realized 117 bears Regular cull 100 bears Other losses 17 bears

2014 Total planned 150 bears Regular cull 120 bears Other losses 30 bears Total realized 141 bears Regular cull 117 bears Other losses 24 bears

2015 Total planned 150 bears Regular cull 120 bears Other losses 30 bears Total realized 144 bears Regular cull 119 bears Other losses 25 bears

2016 Total planned 150 bears Regular cull 120 bears Other losses 30 bears Total realized 136 bears Regular cull 120 bears Other losses 16 bears

2017 Total planned 150 bears Regular cull 130 bears Other losses 20 bears Total realized 144 bears Regular cull 127 bears Other losses 17 bears

2018 Total planned 150 bears Regular cull 130 bears Other losses 20 bears Total realized 50 bears Regular cull 49 bears Other losses 1 bear

What is planned in the future? • The new Brown Bear Management Plan is currently under construction • New Plan will give new insights into the extent of the expansion of distribution range of brown bears in the area of Croatia