British won the French and Indian War which

• British won the French and Indian War, which left Britain with a huge debt, and large amounts of territory to govern and defend – The British want the colonists to help pay for the British Empire but the colonists have a different idea: REVOLUTION

• Governing the New Territories: – Treaty of Paris (1763) • Forced France to give up its Northern Empire • Spain also surrendered some of its North American Territories to Britain • British gained control of: Canada, Florida but not New Orleans

George Croghan: Wrote a glowing report of North America so that many farmers and land speculators went to the new regions

• Governing the New Territories: –Colonists want Native American land but British officials opposed these demands because they feared that conflicts with the Native Americans would result

• Governing the New Territories: – American Indian Resistance: • The British limited the amount of ammunition and Rum available for trade with the Native Americans • British abandoned the French practice of presenting annual gifts to the Native Americans – This angered many American Indians who considered the trade goods and presents a fair payment for allowing the colonists to use their land

• Governing the New Territories: – American Indian Resistance: • American Indians grew increasingly upset by the large number of settlers that poured onto western lands –Many Native Americans seen their traditional way of life disrupted by European trade; now they faced losing their lands

• Governing the New Territories: – American Indian Resistance: • NEOLIN: a Native American, also known as, The Delaware Prophet –He wanted the Native Americans to return to their ancient practices –He denounced the use of European goods and customs and urged his audiences to drive the settlers out

– American Indian Resistance: • PONTIAC: OTTAWA Chief –He called on the Native Americans to united and “exterminate from our lands this nations (Britain) which seeks only to destroy us. ”

Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763): his forces killed some 2, 000 settlers and destroyed many British Forts. Ended when the Native Americans were unable to take Fort Detroit and Fort Pitt Pontiac’s Rebellion FAILED: instead of being driven off by the rebellion, the British now possessed military control of Indian Lands in the West

• The Proclamation of (1763) –Pontiac’s Rebellion and other Native American uprisings convinced the British authorities that they could not protect British settlers in the Frontiers

– Proclamation of 1763: Colonists resent this • Issued by Great Britain – want to stop fighting between Native Americans and the settlers (colonists) • Barred settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains from colonists • The law also required fur traders to obtain royal permission before entering the territory -

• Problems with The Proclamation of (1763) – It was difficult to enforce – Land-hungry colonists resented the measure – Colonial governors did not enforce it – RESULT: settlers still poured into the territory despite the Proclamation

• Financing the Empire: (102) – Colonists resent Proclamation of 1763 and disliked the English Parliament’s efforts to make them pay for part of the costs of “protecting and securing” the frontier

• Financing the Empire: (102) – How does the British Government pay for this and the French and Indian War? ? • TAXES –Sugar Act (1764): imposed a duty, or import tax, on foreign sugars, molasses, and several other items entering Great Britain’s American Colonies – First time British enforce a TAX LAW

• Financing the Empire: (102) – How does the British Government pay for this and they French and Indian War? ? • TAXES –Sugar Act (1764): Now, royal inspectors are searching homes, ships and warehouses for smuggled goods » British Judges decided the cases

• Financing the Empire: (102) – British Parliament “slap” another TAX on the colonists: • The Stamp Act (1765): this Act placed a tax on printed matter of all kind, (advertisements, diplomas, playing cards, etc. ), these materials were to be printed on stamped paper or have special stamps attached to show the tax had been paid

• COLONIAL PROTESTS: – The colonists resent the Stamp Act • This tax had been passed by Parliament, where the colonists have no DIRECT representation. –“NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION” –The Virginia House of Burgesses condemned the Stamp Act

• COLONIAL PROTESTS: –British officials responded to the “taxation without representation, ” by saying that the colonists enjoyed, “virtual representation, ” since Parliament represented ALL British subjects – THE COLONISTS DISAGREE

• COLONIAL PROTESTS: – A Call to Action: • Colonial merchants signed the nonimportation agreements (boycott): promising not to buy or import British goods –People demonstrated against the Stamp Act » Most protests were peaceful but some turned violent

• COLONIAL PROTESTS: –A Call to Action: • Throughout the colonies terrified Stamp agents resigned their posts, making the Stamp Act almost impossible to enforce

• COLONIAL PROTESTS: – A Call to Action • Boston SONS OF LIBERTY: were committees of artisans, lawyers, merchants, and politicians who formed to protest the Stamp Act –The Sons of Liberty generally relied on pamphlets, petitions, and public meetings to rally support, sometimes they resorted to violence

• COLONIAL PROTEST –Repeal of the Stamp Act • Samuel Adams: leader of the Boston Sons of Liberty; he was involved in Boston Politics

• COLONIAL PROTEST – Repeal of the Stamp Act • Sam Adams in 1765 was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives • Stamp Act crisis turned Sam Adams into a political activist • Sam Adams fought for Colonists’ rights • Adam’s writings both expressed and heightened colonists’ anger at the British Government

• COLONIAL PROTEST – Repeal of the Stamp Act • Adam’s and others decided to inform the king of their dissatisfaction. –In October of 1765, delegates from NINE colonies gathered in New York city for the Stamp Act Congress

• COLONIAL PROTEST – Repeal of the Stamp Act • The Stamp Act Congress expressed obedience to the English Parliament; yet they also voiced their objections to the Stamp Act and denied that Parliament had the right to tax the colonies –Colonists now a more unified resistance –Parliament repealed the Stamp Act in March of 1766

• Declaratory Act of 1766: Passed by the English Parliament it asserted the “full power and authority” of Parliament, “to make laws…to bind the colonies and the people of America” in “all cases whatsoever. ”

• The Townshend Acts: – Charles Townshend, Britain’s finance minister, believed that the colonists had opposed the Stamp Act because it was collected within the colony; he reasoned that the colonists would be okay if they paid the taxes at colonial ports

• The Townshend Acts: – The Townshend Acts placed import duties on such common items as tea, lead, glass, and dyes for paints – To enforce the Townshend Acts British custom officials revived the use of special search warrants call Writs of Assistance: general warrants not specific to what they are looking for – they can look anywhere

• The Townshend Acts: – Colonial Opposition • Colonists did not like the Townshend Acts • Many colonists accepted Britain’s right to regulate colonial trade but were against the new taxes that were intended to strictly raise money for Britain

• The Townshend Acts: – Colonial Opposition • Afraid of colonial protests the British government stationed additional troops in the colonies • Quartering Act (1765) required to provide money to quarter, or house and supply British troops –New York Colonial Assembly said NO!

• The Townshend Acts: – Colonial Opposition • Boston – most active center of protests –Women not buy textiles, fabrics, from Britain –Colonists would not buy tea imported from Britain –There were peaceful and violent protests between the British and the colonists

• The Townshend Acts: – Colonial Opposition • Boston Massacre (March 5, 1770): British troops try to enforce writs of assistance – 50 or 60 colonists confronted the British soldiers by throwing snowballs, rocks and oyster shells –One British slipped or was knocked down and his gun went off. » 3 colonists died on the spot and two more died later

• The Townshend Acts: – Colonial Opposition • Boston Massacre (March 5, 1770): –British soldier’s were tried for murder; they were represented by John Adams to make sure that the British soldiers received a fair trial –Two soldiers were convicted of manslaughter; as punishment they were branded on the hands and released