British Exploration and Colonization Separatists Speculators and Sundry
British Exploration and Colonization Separatists, Speculators, and Sundry Other Settlers
English Exploration • 1497 – John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto) • Northwest Passage
“Don’t Touch my Golden Hind. ” • • Sir Francis Drake Golden Hind 1577 -1580 San Francisco
Reasons for Colonization • Economic – Overcrowding • Enclosure movement – Unemployment – Mercantilism • Religious – Spread Protestantism – Puritans and Separatists
Gilbert and Raleigh • Humphrey Gilbert – 1578 – Newfoundland • Charter • Walter Raleigh – 1584 - Roanoke – “Virginia”
Roanoke • • • 1587 114 Settlers John White Virginia Dare Returned 1590 “Croatoan”
Jamestown • London Company= Virginia Company • Joint stock company • Entrepreneurs • 1607 – Godspeed – Discovery – Sarah Constant
Jamestown - Problems • • Drought Disease Bad climate Laziness
John Smith
John Smith • • Chesapeake Bay Powhatan Pocohantas Martial law
Development of Jamestown • John Rolfe • Tobacco • Headright system “Rights of Englishmen” • • Changes • Governor – Women • Council – Blacks (Indentured servants) • House of Burgesses – Representative Government
Development of Jamestown Royal Colony 1624
New England: The Mayflower, Massachusetts Bay, and Much, Much More!
The Pilgrims • Calvinists – Puritans – Separatists • • Holland Plymouth Company 1620 Mayflower – William Bradford – William Brewster
The Mayflower Compact • Full text here • Social Contract Theory
The Plymouth Colony • Squanto • Thanksgiving • Founders Day
Massachusetts Bay • Massachusetts Bay Company • Great Migration (1630’s) • John Winthrop – “The Model of Christian Charity” – City on a Hill “We must consider that we shall be as a City upon a Hill, the eyes of all people are upon us. ”
Puritanism • • • Calvinism Predestination The “Elect” “Congregationalists” High literacy rate
Government Under Winthrop • • • Governor of the colony Theocracy “Freemen” General Court Heretics “On Liberty” – Natural – Civil “There is a twofold liberty, natural (I mean as our nature is now corrupt) and civil or federal. The first is common to man with beasts and other creatures. By this, man as he stands in relation to man simply, hath liberty to do what he lists: it is a liberty to evil as well as to good. . . The other kind of liberty I call civil or federal; it may also be termed moral, in reference to the covenant between God and man, in the moral law, and the politic covenants and constitutions, amongst men themselves. This liberty is the proper end and object of authority, and cannot subsist without it; and it is a liberty to that only which is good, just, and honest. ”
Rhode Island • Roger Williams • Arrived 1631 • Separation of Church and State • Banished 1635 • Narragansett Bay • Providence “I desired it might be a shelter for persons distressed for conscience”
• Anne Hutchinson Rhode Island – Banished 1637 – Pocasset—Portsmouth • Other dissenters – Newport – Warwick • Rhode Island Providence Plantations (1644) • Instrument of Government • “Rogue’s Island”
Connecticut • Rev. John Davenport – Quinnipiac – Renamed it New Haven. • Thomas Hooker – Hartford • Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639) – Constitution
Pequot War • • 1637 Pequot Mohegan Genocide
New Hampshire and Maine • New Hampshire – John Mason – Followers of Anne Hutchinson founded Exeter • Maine – Ferdinando Gorges – Under control of Massachusetts – Never a colony by itself
North vs. South North • • Religious Equal distribution of land Small towns Family-centered South • • Secular Unequal land distribution Plantations Individualism
The Middle Colonies
England’s Dispute with the Dutch • John Cabot’s claim • Separated New England from the Southern Colonies. • Dutch traded with the English colonies • New Amsterdam
Invasion of the Dutch Colonies • • Dutch West India Co. Charles II Duke of York Peter Stuyvesant
New York • Duke of York – Proprietary colony • New Amsterdam New York City • Duke’s Laws • Charter of Liberties and Privileges
New Jersey • 1664 • John Lord Berkeley • George Carteret – Isle of Jersey – “New Jersey” – “Elizabethtown” • East Jersey (Carteret) – Puritans – Newark • West Jersey (Berkeley) – Quakers
• William Penn • Quakers Pennsylvania – “Society of Friends” – Founded by George Fox – “Inner light” – Pacifistic • Pennsylvania – Literally “Penn’s woods” – “Holy Experiment” • Religious toleration • Philadelphia
• George Calvert Maryland – Lord Baltimore – 1625 - Became Catholic • Cecil Calvert – 2 nd Lord Baltimore – 1633 - Founds colony • Henrietta Maria (wife of Charles I) + Blessed Virgin Mary = Maryland • St. Mary’s Township
Maryland Catholicism • Minority in colonies • English Civil War – 1642 -1646 – Catholicism banned • Maryland Toleration Act – 1649 – Freedom of worship to Christians
The Carolinas • Barbados – Limestone Constitutions • Fundamental – Sugarcane of Carolina –– Slavery John Locke • 1663 - Carolina – 1670 by into 8 North and • chartered 1729 – Split proprietors South Carolina • 1670 - Charles Town (Charleston) founded by Barbadians
• James Oglethorpe Georgia – Philanthropist (prison reform) – 1732 – George II granted charter • Purposes – Refuge for debtors – Utopian experiment • Secular • Enlightenment ideals – Defense against Spanish Florida • Utopia failed (human nature can be a real bugger) • 1752 – Oglethorpe abandoned charter
Foundation of the Colonies Colony Name Year Founded By Became Royal Colony Virginia 1607 London Company 1624 Massachusetts 1620 Puritans 1691 Maryland 1634 Lord Baltimore N/A Connecticut c. 1635 Thomas Hooker N/A Rhode Island 1636 Roger Williams N/A Delaware 1638 Peter Minuit and New Sweden Co. N/A New Hampshire 1638 John Wheelwright 1679 North Carolina 1653 Virginians 1729 South Carolina 1663 8 nobles with royal charter from Charles II 1729 New Jersey 1664 Lord Berkeley and Sir George Cartaret 1702 New York 1664 Duke of York 1685 Pennsylvania 1682 William Penn N/A Georgia 1732 James Oglethorpe 1752
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