Brinkley The Unfinished Nation Chapter TwentyNine Civil Rights

Brinkley, The Unfinished Nation Chapter Twenty-Nine: Civil Rights, Vietnam, and The Ordeal of Liberalism John and Jackie Kennedy in the motorcade in Dallas, November 22, 1963 – moments before he was shot and killed by Lee Harvey Oswald

Chapter Twenty-Nine: The Ordeal of Liberalism n Expanding the Liberal State – John Kennedy § Kennedy Elected § The “New Frontier” § Assassinated 11/22/63 – Lee Harvey Oswald – Jack Ruby kills Oswald § Warren Commission Report: John F. Kennedy in Dallas motorcade – Oswald, Ruby acted alone Zapruder film of JFK Assassination Video of Oswald Assassination “And so, my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do for you--ask what you can do for your country. ” - John F. Kennedy 2

Chapter Twenty-Nine: The Ordeal of Liberalism n Expanding the Liberal State – Lyndon Johnson § 1964 Election: Largest Majority – Sen. Goldwater as “Extremist” – “Daisy” Attack Ad § “Great Society” § Medicare § War on Poverty – Office of Economic Opportunity – Model Cities Lyndon Johnson 3

Chapter Twenty-Nine: The Ordeal of Liberalism n Expanding the Liberal State – Achievements of the Great Society: § Reduced hunger § Expanded health care – Medicaid § Poverty cut from 21% to 12% The Johnson Treatment 4

Chapter Twenty-Nine: The Ordeal of Liberalism n The Battle for Racial Equality – Expanding Protests summer 1963 § SNCC § “Freedom Rides” – Medgar Evers murder – Bombing of Birmingham Church § Four black girls killed – Bull Connor Ronald Martin, Robert Patterson, and Mark Martin stage sit-down strike after being refused service at an F. W. Woolworth luncheon counter, Greensboro, N. C. 1960. 5

Chapter Twenty-Nine: The Ordeal of Liberalism n A National Commitment – March on Washington – August 1963 – “I Have a Dream” speech n “Freedom Summer” 1964 – Murder of 3 freedom workers “I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the § James Chaney, Andrew true meaning of its creed: We hold Goodman, Michael these truths to be self-evident: that all Schwerner Link to MLK “I Have a Dream” Speech (Advance tomen 12”) are created equal. “ 6 Jr. Martin Luther King, – Voting Rights Act Approved

Chapter Twenty-Nine: The Ordeal of Liberalism The Changing Movement n Affirmative Action n Urban violence – Watts, LA – 1965 – Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit n Black Power Movement – Malcolm X – Nation of Islam § Assassinated 1965 – Black Panthers LBJ Signs Civil Rights Act of 1964 7

Chapter Twenty-Nine: The Ordeal of Liberalism n Flexible Response & the Cold War – Diversifying Foreign Policy § “Alliance for Progress” § Bay of Pigs – Confrontations with the Soviet Union § Berlin Wall § Cuban Missile Crisis – Offensive missiles – Quarantine/Blockade Aerial photo of missile base under construction in Cuba Trailer for "Thirteen Days" 8

Chapter Twenty-Nine: The Ordeal of Liberalism n The Agony of Vietnam – America and Ngo Dinh Diem § § § Diem’s Initial Success Opposition to Ho Chi Minh Diem Assassinated 11/2/1963 – From Aid to Intervention § § § Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Bombing of North Vietnam Escalation - 1967: 500, 000 – The Quagmire § “Attrition” Strategy § “Pacification” 9

Chapter Twenty-Nine: The Ordeal of Liberalism n The War at Home § Growing Antiwar Movement § War-Induced Inflation, 2% to 6% n The Traumas of 1968 – The Tet Offensive - January § Tactical Victory, Political Defeat – The Political Challenge § Eugene Mc. Carthy v. LBJ § Robert Kennedy 7 th Cavalry on a Search-and-Destroy Mission in Viet Nam – The King Assassination – April 1968 § James Earl Ray Robert F. Kennedy Speech Announcing King’s Death in Indianapolis 10

Chapter Twenty-Nine: The Ordeal of Liberalism n The Traumas of 1968 – RFK Kennedy Assassination § Los Angeles, June 1968 § Sirhan – Democratic National Convention § Yippies § Chicago Seven – The Conservative Response § George Wallace – American Independent The Election of § Nixon Elected 1968 11

Chapter Twenty-Nine: The Ordeal of Liberalism n US Exits Viet Nam – “Peace with Honor” - 1972 § Christmas Bombing of Hanoi § 15 B-52 s Shot Down § January, 1973: Agreement § North Vietnamese Forces to Stay – Saigon Falls – April 1975 § President = Gerald Ford – Results: Helicopter evacuates US Embassy staff as Saigon falls to Viet Cong, April 1975 § 1. 2 million Vietnamese dead § 57, 000 US dead 300, 000 wounded § $150 billion direct cost § Viet Nam in economic, ecological ruin 12