Brinkley The Unfinished Nation Chapter TwentyFive The Global
Brinkley, The Unfinished Nation Chapter Twenty-Five: The Global Crisis, 1921 -1941 The Diplomacy of the New Era l Isolationism and Internationalism l From Neutrality to Intervention l
Chapter Twenty-Five: The Global Crisis, 1921– 1941 l The Diplomacy of the New Era l Replacing the League of Nations l Charles Evans Hughes l Secretary of State (later SC Chief Justice) l Objective: Reduce Naval Arms Race l Kellogg-Briand Pact - 1928 l Briand: French foreign minister l Kellogg: US Secretary of State l “Outlaw war as instrument of policy” Kellogg-Briand Pact l No enforcement – but still on books Charles Evans Hughes 2
Chapter Twenty-Five: The Global Crisis, 1921– 1941 l Debts and Diplomacy l The Dawes Plan - Europe l US Banks Take on German War Debt l OK until 1931 collapse l European nationalism increases l Latin America l American investment doubles l “Banana Republics” 3
Chapter Twenty-Five: The Global Crisis, 1921– 1941 l Hoover and the World Crisis l Hoover Repudiates Roosevelt Corollary l Withdraws from Haiti, Nicaragua l Refuses to Commit Troops to Latin America Upon Default Flyer Protesting Hoover’s 1928 Visit to Latin America 4 by Anti-Imperialist League
Chapter Twenty-Five: The Global Crisis, 1921– 1941 l Hitler & Mussolini l Italy: Fascist Party l l Invades Ethiopia, 1934 Germany: National Socialists Elected 1933 l Mien Kampf: “Lebensraum” for Master Race l l Japan Invades Manchuria – 1931 Coup: New Japanese Government = Expansionist/Imperialist l Hoover: Protest but No Use of Hitler & Mussolini on parade together Sanctions/League of Nations 5 l
Chapter Twenty-Five: The Global Crisis, 1921– 1941 l Isolationism and Internationalism l Depression Diplomacy l Hoover: Reinforce Gold Standard to Gain Recovery l FDR’s “Bombshell Message”: OK to let gold-based $ value fall l American goods more competitive l l Recognizes Soviet Union l “Good Neighbor Policy” l Latin America “No state has the right to intervene in the internal or external affairs of another. ” - Cordell 6 Hull
Chapter Twenty-Five: The Global Crisis, 1921– 1941 l The Rise of Isolationism l Sources of Isolationism Dillusionment with weak League of Nations l Suspicion of “Big Money” influence l l Neutrality Act – 1935 Arms Embargo l Travel Warnings l 1937 – Cash-and-Carry l Japanese Attack China l “Rape of Nanking” l 370, 000 slaughtered, 800, 000 raped l l “Quarantine” Speech 7
Chapter Twenty-Five: The Global Crisis, 1921– 1941 The Sino-Japanese War 19311941 l Nationalism Rises in Depression of 30’s l Imperialism – Asia as Japanese Domain l 1931 Manchurian Invasion – Denounced but Not Turned Back l China in Turmoil: Nationalists v. Mao l 1937: Rape of Nanking (Nanjing) l No apology yet from Japanese 8
Chapter Twenty-Five: The Global Crisis, 1921– 1941 l Hitler Annexes Austria (1938) l The Failure of Munich (1938) l “Appeasement” – Czechs to Nazis “We should seek by all means in our power to avoid war, by analysing possible causes, by trying to remove them, by discussion in a spirit of collaboration and good will. I cannot believe that such a programme would be rejected by the people of this country, even if it does mean the establishment of personal contact with the dictators. ” - Neville Chamberlain 9
Chapter Twenty-Five: The Global Crisis, 1921– 1941 l Hitler Breaks Munich Agreement l March 1939: Nazis Occupy Czechoslovakia l Hitler Threatens Poland l Soviets Sign Non. Aggression Pact with Hitler Nazi Troops Goose-Step Through l Britain, France Pledge to Warsaw, September 1939 Protect Poland Interactive Map - WWII in Europe l Sept. 1, 1939: Poland Invaded 10
Chapter Twenty-Five: The Global Crisis, 1921– 1941 l From Neutrality to Intervention l Neutrality Tested l 1939 - FDR: Revise Neutrality Act l May 1, 1940: Blitzrieg l Netherlands, Belgium l Fall of France FDR: $1 billion for Defense l Destroyers for bases in Britain l l Burke-Wadsworth Act l First Peacetime Draft Nazi Blitzkrieg 11
Chapter Twenty-Five: The Global Crisis, 1921– 1941 l The Campaign of 1940 l Third Term for FDR? l Democratic Nomination Delayed l GOP: Wendell Wilkie l FDR Reelected l New VP: Henry Wallace l 55% of Vote FDR at University of Virginia, 1940 12
Chapter Twenty-Five: The Global Crisis, 1921– 1941 l Neutrality Abandoned l “Lend-Lease” Britain Bankrupt l Public Opinion Favors Britain l Sept. 1941: Nazis Invade Soviet Union l German Subs Attack US Ships l Reuben James – 1 st Destroyer Sunk l 115 of 160 Sailors Drown l Woody Guthrie Song l l The Atlantic Charter l Statement of War Aims: Destroyer Reuben James Afire 13
Chapter Twenty-Five: The Global Crisis, 1921– 1941 l The Road to Pearl Harbor l September 1940: Japanese Sign Tripartite Agreement with Germany, Italy l July 1941: Japanese Seize Vietnam l FDR Freezes Japanese Assets l Militants Take Control in Japan l Japanese Code Broken – l Attack Anticipated - Dutch East Indies l Japanese Needed Oil 14 Japanese Prime Minister Hideki Tojo
Chapter Twenty-Five: The Global Crisis, 1921– 1941 l Pearl Harbor Attack Dec. 7, 1941 l Sneak Attack l Losses Heavy: l 2, 400 killed l 8 battleships, 3 cruisers, 188 planes USS Oklahoma Capsizes l No Carriers A Japanese bomb slashes through four decks of the USS Arizona and explodes in an ammunition storage room. 1, 177 sailors die in a few seconds — more than were lost in the Spanish-American War and World War I “A date which will live in infamy…” Roosevelt to 15 Congress
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