Brinkley The Unfinished Nation Chapter Nine Jacksonian America

Brinkley, The Unfinished Nation Chapter Nine: Jacksonian America • The Rise of Mass Politics • “Our Federal Union” • Removal of the Indians • Jackson & “The Bank War” • Emergence of the Second Party System • Politics After Jackson Andrew Jackson, 7 th President 1

Chapter Nine: Jacksonian America • The Rise of Mass Politics – Jackson Inaugurated • White House Opened to “King Mob” (critics) • “Triumph of Common Man” (supporters) Andrew Jackson Travels to Washington, March 1829 Rachel Jackson, wouldbe First Lady, deceased Dec. 22, 1828 2

Chapter Nine: Jacksonian America • The Rise of Mass Politics – The Expanding Electorate • The Franchise (Vote) Expanded • The Dorr Rebellion/Rhode Island – People’s Convention: Every adult male allowed to vote – Charter: Only landowners – Armed uprising fails (1842) Thomas Dorr, voting –rights Charter amended to expand champion vote Participation in Presidential Elections, 1824 -1860 3

Chapter Nine: Jacksonian America • The Legitimization of Party – Democrats organize first – Anti-Jackson party = “Whigs” • Favored strong central government – The Two-Party System • Still with us today Thomas Nast cartoons from the 1870’s first popularized the images of the Democratic donkey and the Republican elephant 4

Chapter Nine: Jacksonian America • President of the Common Man – Jackson: Equal protection – Patronage system • “Our Federal Union” – Calhoun and Nullification • Calhoun’s Theory of Nullification • Objected to high tariff John C. Calhoun, Jackson’s first Vice. President 5

Chapter Nine: Jacksonian America • The Rise of Martin Van Buren – Jackson’s Conflicts w/ Calhoun • Political: Nullification • Personal: Cabinet wife (Peggy O’Neale) snubbed by Calhoun’s wife – Van Buren • Loyal to Jackson and O’Neale • Widower • VP in Jackson 2 nd term Martin Van Buren, Jackson’s Secretary of State, 2 nd V-P, and Eighth President 6

Chapter Nine: Jacksonian America • “Our Federal Union” – The Webster-Hayne Debate (January 1830) • States’ Rights (Hayne & Calhoun) versus • National Power (Webster) “Liberty and Union, Now and Forever, One and Inseparable…” Daniel Webster “Our Federal Union- It must be preserved…” (Andrew Jackson) “The Union- next to our Liberty most dear…” ( John Calhoun) 7

Chapter Nine: Jacksonian America • The Nullification Crisis – 183233 – S. C. : Do not collect tariff in state – Jackson Proposes “Force Bill” • Enforce Federal laws against S. C. Opposition • Strengthens Federal forts in Charleston – Clay’s Compromise: • Tariff Reduced over 8 years • SC Repeals “Nullification” Henry Clay, “Great Compromiser” 8

Chapter Nine: Jacksonian America • Removal of the Indians – White Attitudes Toward the Tribes • The Black Hawk War – Illinois – conflict over land – Vicious pursuit by whites – Reinforced determination by whites to remove Indians Sauk chief Black Hawk The Expulsion of the Tribes, 1830 -35 Interactive Link: The Expulsion of the Tribes 9

Chapter Nine: Jacksonian America – The “Five Civilized Tribes” • • Cherokee Legal Resistance Sequoyah – written language Just. Marshall supports Cherokee Jackson: “Let him enforce it” – Trail of Tears • 17, 000 Cherokee marched west. Indians forced to migrate to new territories in present-day • 4, 000 died Oklahoma 10

Chapter Nine: Jacksonian America • Jackson and the Bank War – Biddle’s Institution • Nicholas Biddle • “Soft-Money” versus “Hard-Money” • Recharter Bill Vetoed The Election of 1832: Jackson in landslide 11

Chapter Nine: Jacksonian America • Jackson and the Bank War – Biddle’s Institution • Hard v. soft money • Clay: Recharter bank early (issue for 1832 election) – The “Monster” Destroyed • Government Deposits Removed • Jackson’s Political Victory = nation’s economic plague Cartoon showing Jackson boxing with Nicholas Biddle, US Bank President 12

Chapter Nine: Jacksonian America • The Emergence of the Second Party System – The Two Parties • Democrats’ Emphasis on Opportunity – “Locofoco’s” – radical faction of workingmen – Attack on “aristocratic privilege” • Whigs’ Call for Industrial Development 1836 Election (William Hogarth) – Religious and Ethnic Divisions • Whigs fail to unite behind one candidate 13

Chapter Nine: Jacksonian America • Politics After Jackson – The Panic of 1837 • Boom: Land speculation – 40 million acres • Bust: Loans called in to finance State spending projects • Jackson: Only hard currency for land (species circular) Typical “wildcat currency” issued by a State bank – Martin van Buren as President • Worsens economic 14

Chapter Nine: Jacksonian America • The Changing Face of American Politics • Democrats establish DNC – Longest political organization in history • Mass Voter Appeal – 1840 - The Log Cabin Campaign • “Tippecanoe & Tyler Too” • William Henry Harrison – Inauguration address in snow – Dies from pneumonia William Henry Harrison, 9 th President (survives one month) 15

Chapter Nine: Jacksonian America • The Frustration of the Whigs – John Tyler (1 st VP to Replace President) – A New Political Alignment • Whigs quit cabinet • Calhoun, former Democrats come in – Whig Diplomacy • Tensions with Britain: – Aroostook War – Webster-Ashburton Treaty • Treaty of Wang Hya - China John Tyler 10 th President (“His Accidency”) 16