Brinkley The Unfinished Nation Chapter Five The American

Brinkley, The Unfinished Nation Chapter Five: The American Revolution Major Themes: • Revolution was two conflicts: One with Britain, and one within the colonists themselves • The course of the war involved three distinct phases, proceeding north to south from New England to the southern colonies • American military success was never assured until the end, and came about largely as a result of assistance from the French The Battle of Bunker Hill

Chapter Five: The American Revolution • The States United – Defining American War Aims • 2 nd Continental Congress - 1775 • Divergent American War Aims • Common Sense by Thomas Paine best selling pamphlet – 100, 000 copies TO READ: Thomas Paine's Best Work Common Sense (Library of Congress) 2

Chapter Five: The American Revolution • The Declaration for Independence – Independence Declared July 4, 1776 – Thomas Jefferson • Articles of Confederation Nov. 1777 “WE hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness…: - Declaration of Independence 3

Chapter Five: The American Revolution • Mobilizing for War – Washington Takes Charge June 1775 – Foreign experts: • Marquis de Lafayette • Baron von Steuben • Three Phases Internet Link: The American Revolution, 1775 -1781 George Washington 4

Chapter Five: The American Revolution • The War for Independence – The First Phase: New England – 1775 – early 1776 Bunker Hill June 17, 1775 • • Invasion of Canada • Benedict Arnold wounded • Montgomery killed The Revolution in the North, 1775 -1776 5

Chapter Five: The American Revolution • The Second Phase: The Mid-Atlantic Region • General Howe Leaves Boston • Hits NY – Routs Continental Army on Long Island • Washington saves army by strategic retreat to NJ, PA The Revolution in the Middle Colonies, 1776 -1778 6

Chapter Five: The American Revolution • The Second Phase, continued • Trenton and Princeton – Christmas Eve, 1776 – Psychological Victory • Saratoga - October 1777 Battles in NY and PA, 1777 -1778 – Burgoyne surrenders – Benedict Arnold, war hero The Battle of Saratoga 7

Chapter Five: The American Revolution • The Final Phase: The South (1777 -1781) – Britain’s Southern Strategy: Loyalists – “Revolutionary” Conflict in the South • “Swamp Fox” Francis Marion — Guilford Court House — Yorktown —French Fleet —Cornwallis surrenders The Patriot – Battle of Guilford Courthouse The Revolution in the South, 1778 -1781 8

Chapter Five: The American Revolution • The Diplomatic Front – Securing Aid from Abroad • Saratoga: – French Diplomatic Recognition – Key to Victory • Financing from Dutch – Winning the Peace - 1783 John Adams Benjamin Franklin • Franklin’s Skillful Diplomacy • John Adams 9

Chapter Five: The American Revolution • War and Society – Loyalists and Minorities • The Loyalists’ Plight • 100, 000 flee – The War and Slavery • Exposure to Liberty • Abolition in northern states • Tension between Liberty & Slavery Tarring and Feathering a Loyalist 10

Chapter Five: The American Revolution • War and Society – Women’s Rights and Women’s Roles • New Roles for Women – “Camp followers” – Abigail Adams - protection against abusive men – Judith Sargent Murray – right to an education • Patriarchy Strengthened Women occasionally took up arms to defend their homes and families 11

Chapter Five: The American Revolution • The Creation of State Governments – The Assumptions of Republicanism • Rhetoric of Equality – “All men are created equal” – Equality of opportunity v. equality of condition • Reality of Inequality – Slavery – Native Americans – Women Signing of the Declaration of Independence, by John Trumbull (Painting in the U. S. Capitol) 12

Chapter Five: The American Revolution • The First State Constitutions • Curbing Executive Power • Bicameral (2 -house) legislatures • Vote restricted to property owners Old Massachusetts State House – Revising State Governments – late 1780’s • Massachusetts’s Constitution: Written by Convention instead of Legislature 13

Chapter Five: The American Revolution • Religious Toleration – but Continued Slavery – VA Statute of Religious Liberty (1786 - Thomas Jefferson) – Reasons for Slavery’s Persistence: • Racism • Failure to consider alternative systems • Changing character of Southern economy Jefferson and Sally Hemings “There must doubtless be a most unhappy influence on the manners of our people produced by the existence of slavery among us. The whole commerce between master and slave is a perpetual exercise of the most boisterous passions, the most unremitting despotism on the one part, and degrading submissions on the other. ” - Thomas Jefferson, 1782 14

Chapter Five: The American Revolution • The Search for a National Government – The Confederation – 1781 -1789 • Equal votes in Congress by each State • 9 of 13 to act – Limited Power of National Government • No regulation of trade • No direct taxes • No draft for army or navy – Diplomatic Failures • Postwar Problems with Britain • Trade Restricted 15

Chapter Five: The American Revolution • The Confederation and the Northwest (N. of Ohio River) – Ordinances of 1784 and 1785 – The Northwest Ordinance • Freedom of religion • Slavery prohibited! • Trial by Jury Land Survey: Ordinance of 1785 16

Chapter Five: The American Revolution • Debts, Taxes, and Daniel Shays – Fiscal Crisis – Too little revenue to pay debts to War veterans – “Continental Impost” Rejected – Shays’s Rebellion – Massachusetts 1786 • Grievances: Debts, Economy • Sentenced to Death, Pardoned – Urgency: New Constitution Needed! Shays’ Rebellion 17