Brinkley The Unfinished Nation Chapter Eighteen The Age
Brinkley, The Unfinished Nation Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City • The New Urban Growth • The Urban Landscape • Strains of Urban Life • The Rise of Mass Consumption • Leisure in the Consumer Society • High Culture in the Urban Age Mulberry Street, New York, ca. 1900
Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City n The New Urban Growth 1920 Census: Majority in cities > 2, 500 n Migrations n n Unprecedented Geographical Mobility n Southern, Eastern Europe n n n Arrive Poor Settle, work in cities Ellis Island Internet Link: Ellis Island History (NPS) Immigration’s Contribution to Population Growth, 1860 -1920
Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City n The Ethnic City n Diverse Immigrant Populations n 87% of Chicago n 84% Milwaukee, Detroit n 80% New York n Importance of Ethnic Ties n Some groups advance more rapidly (Jews, Germans) n Factors: Education… Ethnic and Class Segregation in Milwaukee, 1850 -1890.
Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City n Assimilation and Exclusion Assimilation Encouraged n Restrictions proposed (1887) n n American Protective Assoc. (Henry Bowers) n Immigration Restriction League – Literacy tests n Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) n Cheap Immigrant Labor “Immigration Attack, ” 1903
Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City n The Urban Landscape n The Creation of Public Space n “City Beautiful” Movement n n Central Park Daniel Burnham Chicago “Back Bay” - Boston Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893 “Make no little plans – they have not the power to stir men’s souls. ” n Daniel Burnham, Architect of “Gret White City
Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City n The Urban Landscape n The Search for Housing n “Railroad n n Suburbs” LA: Red Cars n 1150 miles track n Four counties n 900 cars New Orleans n Urban slums “Tenements” n Jacob Riis n Danish Immigrant n “How the Other Half Lives” n Influence on Progressive Movement Baxter Street Court, New Map of the Pacific Electric Railway ca York City, circa 1888 -89 1910 n
Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City n The Urban Landscape n Urban Technologies: Transportation and Construction n Skyscrapers n n First: Chicago, 1884 Steel girders n Brooklyn Bridge (1870 -1883) Monadnock Bldg. , Chicago Burnham & Root, 1884 Brooklyn Bridge, designed by John Roebling
Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City n Strains of Urban Life n Fire and Disease n Inadequate n Sanitation Environmental Degradation n Air Pollution n Public Health Service n Urban Poverty, Crime, and Violence Illustration from Jacob n Philanthropy n n Salvation Army Inadequate, discriminatory n Growing Crime Rate n Sister Carrie (Theodore Dreiser) Riis’ “How the Other Half Lives”
Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City n The Machine and the Boss n Function of the “Urban” Boss n Jobs for Immigrants, unemployed n Tammany Hall & Democratic Party n William M. Tweed (1865 -71) n $75 -200 million swindled Tammany Hall, 1907 “As long as I count the votes what are n Samuel Tilden- Democratic you going to do about it? ” A. G. -William Tweed
Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City n The Rise of Mass Consumption n Patterns of Income and Consumption n Rising Income n Ready-Made Clothing n Chain Stores, Mail-Order Houses, and Department Field’s Department Store, Chicago, 1902 Stores Designed by Daniel Burnham & Co. n Sears, Woolworth, Ward n Marshall Field n Women as Consumers n National Consumers League
Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City n Leisure in the Consumer Society Prosperity = Leisure Time n Spectator Sports n n Baseball n n n (1869) Cincinnati Red Stockings National League (1876) World Series (1907) n Basketball n (1891) James Naismith n Boxing, horse racing n Women and sports Forbes Field, Pittsburgh, PA
Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City n Music, Theater, and Movies Vaudeville n Ziegfeld Follies n Jazz, ragtime n Motion pictures n n Thomas Edison n DW Griffith n n Birth of a Nation (1915) Ku Klux Klan Hammerstein Theater (Library of Congress)
Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City n Patterns of Public and Private Leisure Coney Island (1903) n Roller coasters n Dime Novels n Coney Island’s Luna Park
Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City n Leisure in the Consumer Society n The Technologies of Mass Communications n William Randolph Hearst n Color pictures and comics n The Telephone n The Bell System n AT&T: Owns all equipment New York Journal accuses Spanish of mine attack on U. S. S. Maine, 1898
Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City n High Culture in the Urban Age n Literature and Art in Urban America n Literary n Realism Upton Sinclair n Art: n n n Winslow Homer James Whistler Ashcan School n Edward Hopper n Expressionism, abstraction Edward Hopper, Nighthawks
Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City n High Culture in the Urban Age n The Impact of Darwinism n Resistance to Evolution n “Pragmatism” n n n William James John Dewey Toward Universal Schooling n Spread of Free Public Schooling n Indian schools (Carlisle, PA) John Dewey “Be not afraid of life. Believe that life is worth living and your belief will help create the fact. ” - William James
Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City n High Culture in the Urban Age n Universities and the Growth of Science and Technology n Morrill Land Grant (1862): State university systems n Philanthropists (Standford, Cornell, Vanderbilt) n Economic Impact of Higher Education California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, ca
Chapter Eighteen: The Age of the City n High Culture in the Urban Age n Medical Science n Germ Theory Accepted n Declining Mortality n Education for Women n Women’s n Colleges Vassar College, NY Mt. Holyoke, Vassar, Wellesley, Smith n Emergence of Women’s Communities
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