Brines and Frazil ice formation by JeanClaude Gascard

Brines and Frazil ice formation by Jean-Claude Gascard UPMC/LOCEAN/CNRS/IPSL

Do we really know how sea ice forms? Is there only one way for sea-ice to form? What types of sea-ice? grease ice, nilas, slush, thin ice, frazil ice, Fast ice, Pack Ice, Deep ice First. YI, Second. YI, Multi. YI Brines and frost flowers

Sea-ice = sea water freezing in the mixed layer (top or bottom of the ML? ) due to surface atmospheric forcing Sea-ice is depending on the equation of state of sea water thermodynamic equation for the mixed layer heat fluxes between ocean and atmosphere (with or without sea ice + snow in between) Sea ice (salt water) versus lake ice (fresh water)

Surface temperature-salinity characteristics between 89°N and 87°N observed from the Polar Observer drifting towards Fram Strait during spring 2002 (April-June). The black line represents the freezing temperature for a given salinity.

Temperature and salinity vertical profiles observed during spring 2002 (April-June) from the Polar Observer drifting towards Fram Strait between 89°N and 87°N (Jean-Louis Etienne courtesy). A sharp salinity gradient appeared in the surface mixed layer at 88° 30’N early May 2002.

--21°E --78°N Kapp Lee --78°N Storfjord --21°E Kvalvagen From Kvalvagen to Kapp Lee : ca. 100 km

77°N 57 18°E 40

Specific heat and heat of fusion of sea-ice Ono N. International Conference on low temperature science. Hokkaido 1967 Review of intrinsic thermophysical properties of snow, ice, sea-ice and frost. Yen Y. C. , Cheng K. C. , Fukusako S. 3 rd international symposium on cold regions heat transfer. Fairbanks 1991.

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