Brief introduction to J R R Tolkien and

• Brief introduction to J. R. R. Tolkien and Elvish Languages • Elvish verbs • Elvish adjectives and pronouns • Elvish pronunciation

J. R. R. Tolkien John Ronald Reuel Tolkien (January 3, 1892 – September 2, 1973) is best known as the author of The Hobbit and its sequel The Lord of the Rings. He was a professor of Anglo-Saxon language at Oxford from 1925 to 1945, and of English language and literature, also at Oxford, from 1945 to 1959. He was a strongly committed Roman Catholic.

Elvi sh lang uag es Author J. R. R. Tolkien created many languages for Elves to complement his books set in the fictional world of Arda. His interest was primarily philological, and he said his stories grew out of his languages. Indeed, the languages were the first thing Tolkien ever created for his mythos, starting with what he originally called “Qenya“(古昆雅語), the first primitive form of elvish. This was later called Quenya(昆雅語) (High-elven) and, along with Sindarin(辛 達林語) (Grey-elven), is one of the two most complete of Tolkien's languages. In addition to these two he also created several other (partially derived) languages.

Sindarin <辛達林語>--灰精靈的語言 ★ Sindarin is an artificial language (or conlang) developed by J. R. R. Tolkien. In Tolkien's mythos, it was the Elvish language most commonly spoken in Middleearth in the Third Age. ★ Tolkien based the sound and some of the grammar of his Sindarin on Welsh. (威爾 斯語) ~Elvish languages are constructed languages used typically by elves in a fantasy setting~

English＆A verbs＆I verbs <the third person> English Add “to” before the verbs: to-V Eg. 1. play>to play 2. beget>to beget 3. lick>to lick 4. keep>to keep 5. fly>to fly Infinitive A verbs Delete the verbs’ suffix “a” and plus “o” Eg. 1. telia- (play) > telio (to play) 2. onna- (beget) > onno (to beget) I verbs Add “i” to the verbs, but it will cause the vowels change 1. a > e 2. e > e 3. i > i 4. o > e 5. u > y 6. y > y Eg. 1. lav- ( lick) > levi (to lick) 2. yr- (run) > yri

Present/present continuous tense<he she it > English A verbs I verbs Present tense: V+s; es Present continuous tense: V+ing Eg. 1. play>plays>playi ng 2. stop>stops>stop ping 3. keep>keeps>kee ping The present tense and present continuous tense are not change: V Eg. 1. telia- (play) > telia (plays, be playing) 2. dilia- (stop up) > dilia (stops up, be stopping up) The original vowels in verbs change into long vowels: a > â, e > ê, i > î Eg. 1. lav- (lick) > lâv ( licks; be licking) 2. heb- (keep) > hêb ( keeps; be keeping) 3. tol- (come) > tôl (comes; be coming) 4. rib- (fly, rush) > rîb (flies, rushes; be flying, be rushing)

English Past tense<he she it> Normal: V+d; ed eg. 1. disturb>disturbed 2. watch＞watched V-y：delete y and + -ied eg. 1. study＞studied 2. say＞said unormal： eg. 1. come＞came 2. get＞got unchangeable: read＞read hit＞hit A verbs I verbs V+nt Eg. 1. telia- (play) > teliant (played) 2. presta- (disturb) > prestant (disturbed) The past tense will change according to the consonant suffix 1. -r > -rn 2. -n > -nn 3. -l > -ll 4. -d > -nt 5. -g > -nc 6. -dh > -dhant (modern), -nd (old) 7. -b > -mp 8. -v > -m (modern), -mp (old) eg. 1. tir- ( watch) > tirn (watched)

Future tense <he she it> English A verbs I verbs 1. will+V 2. be going to+V eg. 1. I will go to movie tomorrow. 2. I am going to leave for America. V+-tha Eg. 1. telia- (play) > teliatha (will play) 2. beria- (protect) > beriatha (will protect) V+-itha , and the vowels in verbs will change. Eg. 1. lav- (lick) > levitha (will lick) 2. heb- ( keep) > hebitha (will keep) 3. rib- (fly, rush) > ribitha (will fly, will rush) 4. tol- (come) > telitha (will come )

Imperative English A verbs I verbs V It is put in the head of sentences. Eg. 1. Open your book. 2. Close the door, please. 3. Listen! Delete the vowel suffix “a” and plus “o” (the same as the infinitive) eg. lasta- (listen) > lasto (listen!) The imperative is used in orders, claims, and anticipation. V+ “o” eg. 1. lav- (: lick) > lavo (lick!) 2. yr- (: run) > yro (run!)

Gerund English A verbs I verbs V+ing Eg. 1. fill>filling 2. run>running 3. come>coming V+ “d” Eg. 1. gweria- (betray) > gweriad (betraying) 2. pathra- (fill) > pathrad (filling) V+ “ed” Eg. 1. lav- (lick) > laved (licking) 2. yr- (run) > yred (running)

Adjective • Noun + adjective • E. g. : A yellow dog. -> Hû valen. • Plural Noun + Plural Adjective • E. g. : "A young and fair woman" adaneth a vain -> "Young and fair women" edenith a vain.

Indefinite Adjective • All -> singular-> pân -> plural-> pain • E. g. : i nen bân (all the water) i nîn bain (all the waters)

Comparative ＆ Superlative • An + Adjective（ Comparative ） • E. g. : an- + bain (beautiful) > anvain (more beautiful) • Adjective + wain（ Superlative ） • E. g. : iaur(old) + -wain > iarwain(oldest)

Demonstratives , Cardinal, and Ordinal Numbers • sen ->this; sin ->these; te, tan ->that; ti, tain -> those（ Demonstratives ） • E. g. : min coron "one ball" （ Cardinal Numbers ） • E. g. : i ven ganthui "the fourth road" （ Ordinal Numbers ）

• Independent Pronoun（獨立代詞） 1. the Nominative and the Accusative (1) English： He eats a lambas. Sinoarin： E mâd lambas. (2) Aragorn orthor han. (orthor: 征服, 動詞詞根為 orthor-) “han” accusative form→ san ＊When the direct objective is after the verb, the sound will be soften.

2. the Possessive Pronoun • the grammar： the definite article＋noun＋possessive case （1） Sinoarin： i arnad lín English：the kindom thy ＊When the nouns are embellished by the pronouns, it must add the articles “i” or “in. ”

3. Pronouns Appended to Nouns English：my heart Sinoarin：（1）i 'ûr nín the definite article＋noun＋possessive case gûr ＞ 'ûr; heart （2）gûr + -n > guren three rules： 1. when the last word of the noun is a consonant, it must insert “e” 2. it doesn’t need an article before a noun 3. if the noun has only one vowel and it’s the long vowel, it will be cut down to a short vowel •

Ex. 我的果汁 ：saw + -n ＞ sawn ＞ i haw nín the first person the second person (the usual form) the second form (the formal form) the third person single plural -n (我. . . ) -m (我們. . . ) -ch (你們. . . ) -l (您們. . . ) ( 無 ) -r (他們. . . )

• Pronouns Appended to Verbs－ after the A verbs ＊the grammar: do not change when it is the present tense or the future present ex. (1) elia + -m -> teliam (we play) (telia: telia-(玩)的三單現在式) (2)teliatha + -m -> teliatham (we will play) (teliatha: telia- 的三單未來式) ＊the grammar: teliant -> telianne + -m -> teliannem (we played)

• • • the present tense：the original form＞telia telion (I play, 我在玩) teliam (we play, 我們在玩) teliach (you play, 你在玩) teliar (they play, 他們在玩) • • • the past tense：the original form＞teliant teliannen (I played, 我玩了) teliannem (we played, 我們玩了) teliannech (you played, 你玩了) telianner (they played, 他們玩了)

• • • the future tense：the original form＞teliatha teliathon (I will play, 我將要玩) teliatham (we will play, 我們將要玩) teliathach (you will play, 你將要玩) teliathar (they will play, 他們將要玩)

• • ☑Six vowels in Sindarin: “a” ☞[a] e. g. park: sad, adan “e” ☞[ε] e. g. pet, tell: le, pêd “i” ☞[i] e. g. fit, thick: lim, mîr “o” ☞[a] e. g. [BE]top: ionn, noro “u” ☞[U] e. g. put, hook: dúnadan “y” e. g. pýd

• ☑Diphthongs: Pronounce clear and complete within a period of a vowel • “ai” ☞[ai] e. g. tide: edain • “ei” ☞[e] e. g. take: meigol • “ui” ☞muil, suilad • “ae” ☞aer • “oe” ☞foeg, oear • “au” ☞loud: caun

Bilabial (雙唇音) Stop (塞音) -voiced +voiced Nasal (鼻音) Labiodental (脣齒音) Interdental (齒間音) Alveolar (齒齦音) p t k (c) b d g (g ) m (mh n Glottal (聲門音) no/s/ no/ / (ng ) ) f (ph) th v (bh) dh (_-f ) s ▲z h(ch ) ▲ ㄏ ▲ Affricate (塞擦音) -voiced +voiced Liquid (流音) Velar (軟顎音) Fricative (擦音) -voiced +voiced Glide (介音) -voiced +voiced Palatal (硬顎音) ▲ ▲ M (hw) hw ㄏㄨ j w d (ㄌ) (lh ) --v l (打舌音) r (rh) --v w h

Aragorn and Arwen in Imladris. [The Fellowship of the Ring Arwen: A si i-Dhúath ú-orthor, Aragorn. (Arwen: The Shadow does not hold sway yet. [Lit. : Till now the Shadow not masters, Aragorn. ]) Arwen: Ú or le a ú or nin. (Arwen: 'Not over you and not over me. ‘) Arwen: Renich i lú i erui govannem? (Arwen: Do you remember the time when we first met? )

Aragorn: Nauthannen i ned ôl reniannen. (Aragorn: I thought I had strayed into a dream. ) Arwen: Gwenwin in enninath. . . (Arwen: Long years have passed. . . ) Arwen: Ú-'arnech in naeth i si celich. (Arwen: You did not have the cares you carry now. ) Arwen: Renich i beth i pennen? (Arwen: Do you remember the word I told you? )

a si adv. 'as yet' = 'up to the present time'; cf. an 'to, towards' + si 'now'. i-Dhúath n. 'the Shadow'; lenited form of dúath 'darkness, shadow'. ú-orthor v. pres. '[it] doesn't conquer'; cf. orthor- 'master, conquer'. ú adv. 'not'. or prep. 'above , over'. le pron. 'you'. a conj. 'and' nin pron. 'me' renich v. pres. 'you remember'; *ren- 'remember‘. i lú n. 'the time'; cf. lû 'time, occasion'. i pron. & conj. 'that; here: when'. erui adj. & adv. 'first' govannem v. pt. 'we met'; cf. *govad- 'meet'. nauthannen v. pt. 'I thought'; cf. nautha- 'conceive; *think‘.

Resources 1. 2. 3. 4. Sindarin http: //home. kimo. com. tw/michiru_benson/Edhellen/Sin darin/Sindarin. htm Tolkien’s Languages in LOTR http: //www. elvish. org/gwaith/movie_elvish. htm#start Ardalambion http: //lucifer. fantasy. org. tw/lotr/99_arda/index. htm Elvish Language http: //lucifer. fantasy. org. tw/lotr/99_arda/primelv. htm# Heading 2