BREEDING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY Breeding Application of genetics principles

BREEDING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

Breeding? ü Application of genetics principles for improvement ü “Accelerated” and “targeted evolution” ü An evolution by artificial selection ü Systematic process of matching genetic factors from parent plants to produce offspring that are superior to parents ü Genetic improvement through crossing with desired traits and selecting progeny with improved performance and/or improved combinations of traits. ü Systematic procedures used to improve trait phenotypes by crossing and selection, directed manipulation of the genotype at the DNA sequence level, and introduction of new genes.

Importance of Plant breeding? üIncreases in yield are derived both from improved varieties and from improved management. üIt suggests about a 50 -50 of crop yield split between genetic gain and gain attributed to management. üPlanting material is the most important input in agriculture üAn improved cultivar is the most economic and least laborious input for crop cultivation

Primary Steps in Plant Breeding ü Develop a Vision ü Find or Create Variability (Techniques) ü Apply Selection Pressure ü Evaluate and Select (Screen) ü Commercialize

Challenges of plant breeding early in 21 th century ü Human population growth Human population is growing faster than increases in food production. Grain production increases around 0. 5% a year, while human population growth is about 1. 5% a year ü Sustainability Environment problems due to natural resource over exploitation ü Globalization World wide competition among the largest multinational as global business entity and national companies of agriculture input production such as seed materials ü Global warming Changing climate may change in quality and quantity of biotic and a-biotic factors.

Meeting the challenges Use all knowledge and tools that can contribute to : 1. overcome the challenges 2. Maintain long term productivity and sustainability Molecular genetics, Molecular biology, Genomics, Proteomics, Bioinformatics Molecular

Plant Breeding Technologies & Crop Improvement (A Continuum) Bioinformatics Proteomics Genomics Germplasm Improvement ( = higher yields) Analytical Technologies Transgenic Traits Biotech/Genetic Engineering Winter Nurseries Computer Technologies Plot Mechanization Quantitative Genetics Statistics Pedigree Breeding Hybridization Open Pollinated Selection Time

Selection breeding methods In vitro breeding methods Plant Breeding in the 21 th Century Molecular breeding methods Transgenic breeding methods

Conventional breeding methods § Selection § Hybridization § Mutagenesis § Polyploidy § Heterosis

Selection breeding methods The oldest method for plant improvement § Mass selection § Bulk breeding method § Single-seed descent § Pedigree breeding

In vitro breeding 1. Somaclonal variation 2. Haploid and double breeding 3. In vitro selection 4. Somatic Hybridization 5. Micro-propagation

Transgenic breeding 1. Gene construct methods 2. Transformation methods 3. Screening methods 4. Evaluation methods

Molecular breeding 1. Marker development methods 2. Quantitative trait loci 3. Marker assisted breeding methods

Comparing Genetic Modification Techniques Selective Breeding Mutation breeding Transgenic breeding Whole organism Molecule Thousands of genes Unknown Single gene Leve l Precisio Genetic change poorly n characterized Certaint y Limit s Between species and genera Genetic change poorly characterized Not applicable Gene function well understood No limitations

Traditional plant breeding Commercial variety Traditional donor DNA is a strand of genes, much like a strand of pearls. Traditional plant breeding combines many genes at Desired Gene once. New variety (many genes are transferred) = X (crosses) Desired gene Transgenic breeding Using plant biotechnology, a single gene may be added to the strand. Desired gene Commercial variety New variety (only desired gene is followed) = (transfers) Desired gene

New tools in plant breeding No. Breeding steps 1. Creating variability New tools 1. Somaclonal technique 2. Protoplast fusion technique 3. Transformation technique 2. Selection 3. Evaluation 4. 5. Releasing Seed production 1. 2. 3. 1. 1. 1. 2. In vitro selection technique Marker development technique Double haploid technique Marker development technique Micropropagation technique Marker development technique

Outline I. In vitro breeding A. Micropropagation methods B. Protoplast isolation and fusion methods C. Somaclonal variation D. In vitro Screening methods II. Transgenic breeding A. Gene construct methods B. Transformation methods C. Transgenic Plant III. Molecular breeding A. Marker development methods B. Marker Assisted Selection methods C. Marker Assisted Backcrossing methods

"Never think for a minute that we are going to build permanent peace in this world on empty stomachs and human misery. " Norman Borlaug Nobel Peace Prize Laureate

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