Brazil Key Themes Brasilidade Immigration Whitening Coffee plantation
Brazil
Key Themes • • • Brasilidade Immigration & “Whitening” Coffee plantation economy Role of President Vargas Race & Slavery
Images of Brazil 1549 = Paradise on Earth 16 th century = Site of cannibalism 17 th century = Awareness of racial inequality 19 th century = Scientific wonderland 20 th Century = World connections 1970 s = “Awakening Giant” & “Brazilian Miracle” • 1980 s = 2 Brazils in 1 nation • • •
Brazil’s Independence • 1808 = Queen Maria & Prince João escape Napoleon’s invasion • 1820 = Military demand abdication of King João • 1822 – 1889 = Monarchy under Emperor Pedro I & Emperor Pedro II Dom Pedro II
Why a republic in 1889? • Abolition of slavery (1888) • Alienation of the plantocracy
The Old Republic/Era of the Oligarchies, 1889 – 1930 • Favoritism • Corruption • 1891 = New Federal Constitution • Coup d’etat of Vargas & end of Old Republic (1930)
The Getùlio Vargas Revolution • First era = 1930 – 1945 • 1937 = Estado Novo dictatorship began • Second era = 1951 – 1954 • Built a strong national government • “Father of the Poor”
The Estado Novo, 1930 – 1945
The Populist Era, 1945 – 1964 • Vargas forced out (1945) • Vargas elected president (1951 – 1954) • Vargas’ suicide (1954) • Military coup deposes President Goulart (1964)
Authoritarian Regime, 1964 – 1985 • Military government
Era of “Nova Repùblica, ” 1985 – present
Plantation Economy & Race • Brazilwood, sugar, coffee • Dependent upon imported goods • Rigid racial & social hierarchy
“Gold Cycle, ” 1690 – 1750 • Late 17 th century – early 18 th century = Gold mining • Minas Gerais • Demographic shift
King Coffee, 1840 s – 1928 • 1920 s = “Coffee paid for everything” • Destruction of rainforest • Social wealth model from sugar • 1860 s – 1870 s = Immigrant labor • 1928 = Coffee “bust”
Afro-Brazilian Slavery • 1492 – 1850 = Almost 10 million slaves sent to Brazil • Gradual Abolition • Quieroz Law of 1850 • 1871 = Law of Free Womb • 1880 s = Abolitionist movement • 1886 = Whipping of slaves outlawed • 1888 = Full abolition
Slave Population • • 1873 = 1, 566, 416 1883 = 1, 346, 648 1885 = 1, 133, 228 1887 = 723, 419
Immigration • 1827 – 1930 = 3. 8 million immigrants from Europe & Japan arrive in Brazil • 1897 – 1930 = 35% of immigrants were Italian, 29% were Portuguese • 1884 – 1970 = 248, 400 Japanese move to Brazil • Brasilidade & “Whitening”
Experiments • 1820 s = Recruitment of German-speaking Austrians to colonize as middle-class farmers • 1860 s = Recruitment of Chinese immigrants
1940 & Brasilidade • 1940 = Claims of “white nation” status • 1940 = 63. 5% white, 14. 6 % Black, . 6% “yellow, ” 21. 2% “Pardo” • Why? • Vargas, samba, & soccer • Estado Novo attitude about race
Movimento Negro • Mid-1970 s • Why the name? • Ebony magazine
Popular Religion • Popular Catholicism • Umbanda = Fastest growing religion in 1950 s & 1960 s • Bantu speakers in Rio • Candomblè
Pentacostalism • Rio de Janeiro = 61% of churches are Pentacostal • 1906 = Started in Los Angeles by William Seymour • 1970 s & 1980 s = Gains strength in Brazil • Speaking in tongues • Why the attraction?
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