BrainBased Computing Three Key Themes in Historical Evolution

Brain-Based Computing: Three Key Themes in Historical Evolution (1) Multiple Representation Levels with Feedback Perceptron (no feedback) 1957 + Frank Rosenblatt Multilayer Perceptron with Back-Propagation 2 -D Topographic Grids Self-Organizing Topology -Preserving Map (SOTPM, or SOM) 1982 Free Energy Minimization (Statistical Thermodynamics) Hopfield Neural Network 1981 Teuvo Kohonen Neocognitron 1980 John Hopfield 1974 Kunihiko Fukushima Paul Werbos Adaptive Resonance Theory 1987 Boltzmann Machine 1986 Hinton & Sejnowski Simulated Annealing (A Learning Method) 1985 David Ackley Geoffrey Hinton Steve Grossberg & Gail Carpenter Alianna J. Maren, 2016. www. aliannajmaren. com Terry Sejnowski

Image Sources Image of brain http: //www. psypost. org/2014/04/brain-cell-discovery-could-open-doors-to-targeted-cancer-therapies-24319 Geoffrey Hinton https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Feedfor ward_neural_network https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton Teuvo Kohonen http: //www. hs. fi/tiede/a 1396751388580 Paul Werbos By Mcld - Own work, CC BY-SA 3. 0, https: //commons. wikimedia. org/w/in dex. php? curid=10373592 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Feedfor ward_neural_network http: //www. werbos. com/ John Hopfield https: //pni. princeton. edu/faculty/john-hopfield Kunihiko Fukushima http: //personalpage. flsi. or. jp/fukushima/ index-e. html https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Hopfield_ network#/media/File: Hopfield-net. png https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Adaptive _resonance_theory

Image Sources David H. Ackley http: //www. cs. unm. edu/~ackley/ Terry Sejnowski http: //www. salk. edu/scientist/terrence-sejnowski/ Gail Carpenter http: //techlab. bu. edu/members/gail/ Steve Grossberg https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Stephen_Grossberg Frank Rosenblatt http: //csis. pace. edu/~ctappert/srd 2011/ rosenblatt-contributions. htm All images are from Creative Commons (including Wikipedia), or from institutional websites or from privately-hosted websites where the researcher has selfposted a picture. The only exception is the picture of Frank Rosenblatt, circa 1950’s – 1960’s, attribution unknown.