Brain Anatomy Brain Anatomy 1 Cerebral Hemispheres Surface

Brain Anatomy

Brain Anatomy 1. Cerebral Hemispheres: Surface: • • • Gyri = elevated ridges Sulci = shallow grooves Fissures = less numerous deeper grooves that separate large regions of brain Right side: visual imagery, spatial abilities, face recognition, and music Left side: speech and language, calculations and math, logic Which are You?

Brain Anatomy 1. Cerebral Hemispheres: 1 Cerebral Cortex-grey matter Speech, memory, logical and emotional responses, interpretation of sensation, voluntary movements 2 Cerebral white matter deep tissue-Corpus callosum 3 Basal nuclei “islands” of grey matter burried in white matter-regulate voluntary movements

Brain Anatomy 1. Cerebral Hemispheres: Lobes: Frontal = controls planning, reasoning, and movement ■Motor cortex-voluntary movement center • Parietal = touch and sensations such as temp, pain, pressure ■Sensory cortex-interprets touch sensations • Temporal = hearing, speech • Occipital = sight Corpus Callosum: connects the cerebral hemispheres and allows the cerebral hemispheres to communicate. •

Brain Anatomy 1. Cerebral Hemispheres: Can you live with just half a brain? What would it be like?

Brain Anatomy 2. Diencephalon (Interbrain) ●Sits atop of brain stem ● regulates body temp, blood pressure, heart rate, and blood sugar, forming memories and center for emotion ● Includes ● ● Thalamus – relay station for senses (except smell), sorts out info Hypothalamus (Limbic System)– regulates body temp, appetite and thirst, sleep, directs pituitary gland

Brain Anatomy 2. Limbic system-emotions ● ● Pineal Gland – light sensitive and regulates internal clock Amygdala – processes emotions especially fears Hippocampus – regulates emotions, long-term memory, and spatial navigation Striatum - receives input from motor cortex, helps coordinate body movements

Brain Anatomy 3. Brain Stem -Autonomic functions ● ● ● Midbrain → Reflex centers involved with vision and hearing. Pons (“bridge”) → rounded structure that protrudes just below the midbrain. Involved in controlling breathing. Medulla Oblongata→ Contains centers for vital organ control: heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, and vomiting.

Brain Anatomy 4. Cerebellum – ● ● Like the cerebrum it has two hemispheres and a convoluted surface. Provides the precise timing for skeletal muscles; posture, balance, and coordination

Brain Anatomy Protection: • Meninges • Three connective tissue membranes covering and protecting the CNS structures. • Dura mater • Arachnoid mater • Pia mater

Brain Anatomy • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) • Watery “broth” similar in its makeup to blood plasma. Protection and natural bouyancy.

Brain Anatomy • Blood-Brain Barrier • • Composed of the least permeable capillaries in the whole body. Separates neurons from the bloodborne substances.

Brain Anatomy • Skull & Vertebrae • Natural helmet and tube to protect the brain and spinal cord.

Brain Injuries • Concussion – occurs when brain injury is slight. May become dizzy or “see stars” or lose consciousness briefly. • Contusion – result of marked tissue destruction. Could result in a coma. • Cerebral edema – swelling of the brain due to inflammatory response to injury. • Cerebrovascular accidents – a. k. a. Strokes, 3 rd leading cause of death in the US.