braddnmr mgh harvard edu Functional neuroanatomy Overview of
bradd@nmr. mgh. harvard. edu Functional neuroanatomy • Overview of brain anatomy & systems – Localization/networks – Scale in the nervous system – Sensorimotor systems • How our brains interact with the external world (loops) – States ‘of mind’ (and body) • Specific functional systems – Memory & emotion • How our brains use previous experience to modify behavior • Vision & attention; language
Learning & memory Where were you on the following day?
Learning & memory September 11, 2006
Learning & memory “Knowing that” Vs. “Knowing how” Gilbert Ryle, Oxford philosopher of mind, 1949
The limbic system: Memory & emotion
Medial temporal lobe memory system
Medial temporal lobe memory system Courtesy of S. Heckers (J N Trans, 2002)
Current standard 1 mm structural imaging (AD patient) Trio TIM, 12 channel coil, 1 mm 3 MPRAGE
High-resolution MR imaging 7 Tesla ex vivo 100 -150 um resolution Courtesy of Jean Augustinack & Bruce Fischl
High-resolution MPRAGE 32 channel coil, 3 T Trio 0. 38 x 1 mm MPRAGE (ipat x 2, 10 min acq time, 112 slices), Seven acquisitions were motion-corrected and averaged. Beautiful contrast & anatomic detail is present, including thalamic nuclei, claustrum, tiny perforating vessels
High-resolution MPRAGE Excellent grey-white contrast is present in hippocampus; note also tiny pial perforating vessels
Learning & memory: HM H. M. Control Corkin S, J Nsci, 1997
Learning & memory: HM
Multiple memory systems
Learning & memory What task would you use to show differential hippocampal activation? (When is the hippocampus “off”? )
Functional MRI Paradigm Scene encoding (block design) Novel + 5 s 40 s Repeated + Novel + Repeated + + 25 s Adapted from C. E. Stern et al. , PNAS, 1996
Learning & memory: Novelty Stern CE, PNAS 1996
Learning & memory: Events Brewer J, Science 1998; Wagner A, Science 1998
Learning & memory: Individual variability in MTL activation Vandenbroucke MWJ, Neuroimage 2004
Learning & memory: Individual variability in anatomy Vandenbroucke MWJ, Neuroimage 2004
Genetic influences on MTL activation BDNF val/val > val/met APOE 4 > 3 Bookheimer et al. , NEJM, 2000 Hariri et al. , J Neurosci, 2003
Multiple memory systems
Learning & memory: Frontal lobe anatomy
Learning & memory: Frontal lobe & episodic memory Brewer J, Science 1998; Wagner A, Science 1998
Learning & memory: Working memory Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: Digit span Delayed match to sample N-back
Learning & memory: Working memory D’Esposito M, 2002
Learning & memory: Working memory & sleep deprivation After full night sleep After sleep deprivation N-back task Drummond SP, Nature 2004
Learning & memory: Striatal anatomy
Learning & memory: Striatum & procedural memory Knowlton BJ, Science 1996
Emotional learning & memory: Amygdala & orbitofrontal cortex Poldrack R, Nature 2001
Emotional conditioning is dependent on amygdala, declarative learning on the hippocampus Bechara A, Science 1995
Amygdala activation is related to emotional intensity at encoding, and predicts recall Recognition 3 weeks later Canli T, J Neurosci 2000
‘Unseen’ emotional stimuli activate amygdala & can elicit emotional conditioning Morris JS, Brain 2001
Systems for processing facial emotion Adolphs R, Curr Opn Nbiol 2002
Learning & memory Binding information processed by the brain for storage and future use, particularly with relevance to survival & other needs
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