BOVINE EPHEMERAL FEVER Synonyms BOVINE EPIZOOTIC FEVER EPHEMERAL
BOVINE EPHEMERAL FEVER
Synonyms BOVINE EPIZOOTIC FEVER EPHEMERAL FEVER THREE-DAY SICKNESS THREE-DAY STIFFSICKNESS DENGUE OF CATTLE
Definition BEF is an economically important infectious viral disease of cattle and buffaloes transmitted by insects and characterized clinically by sudden onset, pyrexia, stiffness, lameness, enlargement of LNs and spontaneous rapid recovery.
BEFV Family Rhabdoviridae Genus Ephemerovirus RNA
Distribution: BEF is an endemic in most tropical and subtropical areas of Africa, Australia, the Middle East and Asia. Free areas Europe, North or South America & New Zealand.
Animal Transmission BEF transmitted by arthropods: Culicoides (biting midges) Mosquitoes BEF is not transmitted: By close contact Body secretions, or aerosol droplets Semen No Carriers
Susceptible animals Cattle and buffaloes: Highly susceptible with severe clinical signs Other animals: not affected Sheep, goats, horse, pigs, dogs and G. Pigs Experimental infections have been established in sheep, but infections have not been reported in this species outside the laboratory
Factors influencing susceptibility ØAll ages are susceptible ØInsect season
Economic Impact Major economic importance due to loss of production: Lowered milk production Abortion Secondary mastitis Loss of conditions
Pathogenesis Initial multiplication in RES. Viremia after that localization of the virus in different tissues especially in muscles and joints Variable fever Neutrophilia with a left shift and lymphopenia
Clinical Signs IP: 1 to 10 days Morbidity 30 -80 % Mortality 1 -10% Fever: Biphasic Triphasic Polyphasic The temperature peaks typically occur 12 to 18 hours apart During the first fever spike: Milk production drops dramatically but other clinical signs tend to be mild
Clinical Signs Ø On the second day of illness which may coincide with a second elevation in temperature The symptoms are more severe Watery ocular discharge. Increased heart rate, tachypnea, and nasal serous or mucoid discharges. Profuse salivation Muscle twitching waves of shivering
Clinical Signs Lameness, stiffness and joint pain Swollen joints Submandibular or periorbital edema!!!. Animals may get recumbent (sternally and then laterally). Pulmonary and s/c emphysema
Clinical Signs Common sequelae: Fatal pulmonary emphysema Mastitis Pneumonia Bull infertility for around 6 months Prolonged lameness
Diagnosis Clinical Signs Laboratory Virus isolation and identification
Treatment Animals generally recover with good nursing care Antibiotics for secondary infection
Inactivated Bovine Ephemeral Fever Vaccine ( 3 day sickness ) Description : Binary- ethylen amin inactivated bovine ephemeral fever vaccine adsorbed on aluminum hydroxid gel for protection of cattle and buffalos against three day s COMPOSION : Each dose contains at least 106. 5 TCID 50 of the virus before inactivattion. PROPAGATION SYSTEM : The virus is propagated on Green monkey kidney cell line (VERO). INDICATIONS : It is used for Protective vaccination of cattle and buffalos against three day sickness disease. CONTRAINDICATION : Animals clinically ill or those weakened should not be vaccinated. DOSSAGE : * Each does is 2 ml injected subcutaneous ( S/C ) to the animal.
VACCINATION PROGRAM : Animals of 6 months age vaccinated with the vaccine * First dose : 2 ml injected (S/C ). * Second dose ( booster dose) : 2 ml injected S/C after 4 weeks * The same program repeated annually REMARKES : * The vaccine is safe for pregnant and lactating animals * Animals must be vaccinated before summer season. * The vaccine should be protected from sunlight STORAGE: The vaccine is stored at 4 o. C- 8 o. C VALIDITY : The vaccine is valid for 12 months from the date of manufacturing. PACKAGE: Each bottle contains 20 ml (10 doses). WITHDRAWAL PERIOD: Twenty – one day before human consumption
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