BOVINE ENDOMETRITIS TANUVAS 2011 Uterine inflammation Endometritis Definition

BOVINE ENDOMETRITIS © TANUVAS, 2011

Uterine inflammation Endometritis - Definition – Superficial inflamation of the endometrium – Disruption of surface epithelium – Infiltration with inflammatory cells – Occurs as Ascending infection during • Natural service • Artificial insemination • Parturition • Abortion – – © TANUVAS, 2011 Rare by Haemotogenous route No overt sign of illness © TANUVAS, 2011

Uterine inflammation © TANUVAS, 2011 • Pyometra • Purulent inflammation of endometrium • Significant fluid accumulation in uterine lumen • Metritis/ perimetritis • Inflammation involving all layers-occurs during • Difficult calving • Retained placenta • Uterine prolapse • Overt sign of illness observed © TANUVAS, 2011

Uterine Defense Mechanism Anatomical and Physical barriers – Vulva and Vestibule • Muscular sphincter • Cervix – Mucosa lined by collagenous rings • Cervical and Vaginal mucus – Clear, transparent and elastic – estrum – Scanty and tenacious – Diestrum • Uterus – Muscular layer – Physical propulsion of particulate material • Local Immune system – Cellular – Humoral © TANUVAS, 2011

Diagnosis of Endometritis Significantly impairs reproductive Performance 1. Rectal palpation – Insensitive and non specific method 2. Observation of vaginal discharge © TANUVAS, 2011

Diagnosis of Endometritis 3. Vaginoscopic examination © TANUVAS, 2011 – By Speculum – Nature of cervical discharge visualised – More reliable © TANUVAS, 2011

Diagnosis of Endometritis 4. Endometrial Biopsy © TANUVAS, 2011 – Impairment of subsequent fertility – Impractical in practice settings © TANUVAS, 2011

Diagnosis of Endometritis 5. Endometrial Cytology • Done by uterine lavage • Using 2 way foley catheter 20 of saline is flushed into uterus and collected, centrifuged and sediment examined • Presence of variable amount of Nutrophils 8 to 10% indicate endometritis • Acute/Sub acute – Numerous Lymphocyte • Chronic © TANUVAS, 2011

Diagnosis of Endometritis White side test – Subclinical endometritis • procedure – 2 ml of cervical mucus + 2 ml of 5% NAOH • 1 2 3 4 © TANUVAS, 2011 Colour Turbid or no colour Light yellow colour Yellow colour Dark Yellow - Degree Normal Mild Moderate Severe © TANUVAS, 2011

Endometritis scoring Vaginal mucus character • Score 0 = clear or translucent mucus • 1 = mucus containing flecks of white or off-white pus • 2 = < 50 m. L exudate containing < 50% white or off-white mucopurulent material • 3 = > 50 m. L exudate containing purulent material, usually white or yellow, but occasionally sanguineous © TANUVAS, 2011

Endometritis - treatment Antibiotics/Antiseptics © TANUVAS, 2011 • Inconsistent results • Development of resistance • Inhibition of phagocytic activity • PGF 2 a • Stimulation of expulsion of uterine contents • Stimulation of Phagocytosis • Increases secretion of Ig. A Ig. G © TANUVAS, 2011

Endometritis - treatment • Immuno modulators • LPS -100 µg dissolved in 50 ml of – Phosphate buffered saline I/ut • Oysterglycogen –Biologically active © TANUVAS, 2011

Prevention of Endometritis • Calving hygiene • Intensive management of Post partum cows to prevent complications • Nutrition of peri parturient cow • Feeding Anti oxidant • Vit E and Selinium © TANUVAS, 2011