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Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Using Boundless Presentations The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. Get started now at: http: //boundless. com/teaching-platform Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless. com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com

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Viruses Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification Virus Infections and Hosts Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections Prions and Viroids Viruses Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com

Viruses > Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification • Discovery and Detection of Viruses • Evolution of Viruses • Viral Morphology • Virus Classification Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/viruses-21/viral-evolution-morphology-and-classification-136/

Viruses > Virus Infections and Hosts • Steps of Virus Infections • The Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles of Bacteriophages • Animal Viruses • Plant Viruses Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/viruses-21/virus-infections-and-hosts-137/

Viruses > Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections • Vaccines and Immunity • Vaccines and Anti-Viral Drugs for Treatment Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/viruses-21/prevention-and-treatment-of-viral-infections-138/

Viruses > Prions and Viroids • Prions and Viroids Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/viruses-21/prions-and-viroids-139/

Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com

Viruses Key terms • anti-viral drug a class of medication, such as antibiotics, that inhibits the virus by blocking the actions of one or more of its proteins • bacteriophage A virus that specifically infects bacteria. • Baltimore classification a classification scheme that groups viruses into seven classes according to how the m. RNA is produced during the replicative cycle of the virus • capsid the outer protein shell of a virus • devolution degeneration (as opposed to evolution) • Ebola virus an extremely contagious virus of African origin that causes Ebola fever, spread through contact with bodily fluids or secretions of infected persons and by airborne particles • envelope an enclosing structure or cover, such as a membrane • filamentous Having the form of threads or filaments • glycoprotein a protein with covalently-bonded carbohydrates • horizontal transmission the transmission of an infectious agent, such as bacterial, fungal, or viral infection, between members of the same species that are not in a parent-child relationship • isometric of, or being a geometric system of three equal axes lying at right angles to each other (especially in crystallography) • killed vaccine (inactivated vaccine) consists of virus particles which are grown in culture and then killed using a method such as with heat or formaldehyde Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com

Viruses • latency The ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant within a cell. • live vaccine consists of an active microbe (virus or bacteria) • lysogenic cycle A form of viral reproduction involving the fusion of the nucleic acid of a bacteriophage with that of a host, followed by proliferation of the resulting prophage. • lytic cycle The normal process of viral reproduction involving penetration of the cell membrane, nucleic acid synthesis, and lysis of the host cell. • messenger RNA Messenger RNA (m. RNA) is a molecule of RNA that encodes a chemical "blueprint" for a protein product. • prion a self-propagating misfolded conformer of a protein that is responsible for a number of diseases that affect the brain and other neural tissue • proteinaceous of, pertaining to, or consisting of protein • receptor-mediated endocytosis a process by which cells internalize molecules (endocytosis) by the inward budding of plasma membrane vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being internalized • retrovirus a virus that has a genome consisting of RNA • self-replicating able to generate a copy of itself • vaccination inoculation in order to protect against a particular disease or strain of disease; causes a primary immune response without illness, allowing the secondary response to destroy subsequent infection • vertical transmission the transmission of an infection or other disease from the female of the species to the offspring Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com

Viruses • virion a single individual particle of a virus (the viral equivalent of a cell) • viroid plant pathogens that consist of just a short section of RNA, but without the protein coat typical of viruses • virus a submicroscopic infectious organism, now understood to be a non-cellular structure consisting of a core of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com

Viruses Lytic versus lysogenic cycle A temperate bacteriophage has both lytic and lysogenic cycles. In the lytic cycle, the phage replicates and lyses the host cell. In the lysogenic cycle, phage DNA is incorporated into the host genome, where it is passed on to subsequent generations. Environmental stressors such as starvation or exposure to toxic chemicals may cause the prophage to excise and enter the lytic cycle. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Virus Infections and Hosts. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44597/latest/Figure_21_02_03. png View on Boundless. com

Viruses Example of viruses classified by caspid design Viruses are classified based on their core genetic material and capsid design. (a) Rabies virus has a single-stranded RNA (ss. RNA) core and an enveloped helical capsid, whereas (b) variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox, has a double-stranded DNA (ds. DNA) core and a complex capsid. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44595/latest/Figure_21_01_04 ab. jpg View on Boundless. com

Viruses Examples of transmission electron micrographs of viruses In these transmission electron micrographs, (a) a virus is dwarfed by the bacterial cell it infects, while (b) these E. coli cells are dwarfed by cultured colon cells. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44595/latest/Figure_21_01_01 ab. jpg View on Boundless. com

Viruses The structure of the icosahedral cowpea mosaic virus In the past, viruses were classified by the type of nucleic acid they contained, DNA or RNA, and whether they had single- or double-stranded nucleic acid. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikimedia Commons. "Cowpea. Mosaic. Virus 3 D. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Cowpea. Mosaic. Virus 3 D. png View on Boundless. com

Viruses Virus classification by capsid structure Viruses can also be classified by the design of their capsids which are classified as naked icosahedral, enveloped helical, naked helical, and complex. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. November 8, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44595/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest View on Boundless. com

Viruses Example of a virus attaching to its host cell The KSHV virus binds the x. CT receptor on the surface of human cells. This attachment allows for later penetration of the cell membrane and replication inside the cell. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44595/latest/Figure_21_01_02. jpg View on Boundless. com

Viruses Bacteriophage This transmission electron micrograph shows bacteriophages attached to a bacterial cell. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Virus Infections and Hosts. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44597/latest/Figure_21_02_02. jpg View on Boundless. com

Viruses Vaccinations are designed to boost immunity to a virus to prevent infection. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44599/latest/Figure_21_03_02. jpg View on Boundless. com

Viruses Baltimore classification The Baltimore classification scheme, the most commonly used, was developed by Nobel Prize-winning biologist David Baltimore in the early 1970 s. The scheme groups viruses according to how the m. RNA is produced during the replicative cycle of the virus, in addition to the differences in morphology and genetics. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. November 8, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44595/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest View on Boundless. com

Viruses Chicken pox virus (a) Varicella-zoster, the virus that causes chickenpox, has an enveloped icosahedral capsid visible in this transmission electron micrograph. Its doublestranded DNA genome incorporates into the host DNA and reactivates after latency in the form of (b) shingles, often exhibiting a rash. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Virus Infections and Hosts. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44597/latest/Figure_21_02_04 ab. jpg View on Boundless. com

Viruses Pathway to viral infection In influenza virus infection, glycoproteins attach to a host epithelial cell. As a result, the virus is engulfed. RNA and proteins are made and assembled into new virions. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Virus Infections and Hosts. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44597/latest/Figure_21_02_01. png View on Boundless. com

Viruses Common ancestor tree of life This phylogenetic tree of the three domains of life (Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya) attempts to identify when various species diverged from a common ancestor. Finding a common ancestor for viruses has proven to be far more difficult, especially since they do not fossilize. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Organizing Life on Earth. November 9, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44588/latest/#fig-ch 20_01_01 View on Boundless. com

Viruses Examples of virus shapes Viruses can be either complex in shape or relatively simple. This figure shows three relatively-complex virions: the bacteriophage T 4, with its DNAcontaining head group and tail fibers that attach to host cells; adenovirus, which uses spikes from its capsid to bind to host cells; and HIV, which uses glycoproteins embedded in its envelope to bind to host cells. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44595/latest/Figure_21_01_03. png View on Boundless. com

Viruses Adenovirus classification Adenovirus (left) is depicted with a double-stranded DNA genome enclosed in an icosahedral capsid that is 90– 100 nm across. The virus, shown clustered in the micrograph (right), is transmitted orally and causes a variety of illnesses in vertebrates, including human eye and respiratory infections. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44595/latest/Figure_21_01_05. jpg View on Boundless. com

Viruses Transmission electron micrograph of viruses Transmission electron micrographs of various viruses show their structures. The capsid of the (a) polio virus is naked icosahedral; (b) the Epstein-Barr virus capsid is enveloped icosahedral; (c) the mumps virus capsid is an enveloped helix; (d) the tobacco mosaic virus capsid is naked helical; and (e) the herpesvirus capsid is complex. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44595/latest/Figure_21_01_06 abcde. jpg View on Boundless. com

Viruses Tamiflu (a) Tamiflu inhibits a viral enzyme called neuraminidase (NA) found in the influenza viral envelope. (b) Neuraminidase cleaves the connection between viral hemagglutinin (HA), also found in the viral envelope, and glycoproteins on the host cell surface. Inhibition of neuraminidase prevents the virus from detaching from the host cell, thereby blocking further infection. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44599/latest/Figure_21_03_03 ab. jpg View on Boundless. com

Viruses Example of the formation of a prion (a) Endogenous normal prion protein (Pr. Pc) is converted into the disease-causing form (Pr. Psc) when it encounters this variant form of the protein. Pr. Psc may arise spontaneously in brain tissue, especially if a mutant form of the protein is present, or it may occur via the spread of misfolded prions consumed in food into brain tissue. (b) This prion-infected brain tissue, visualized using light microscopy, shows the vacuoles that give it a spongy texture, typical of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Other Acellular Entities: Prions and Viroids. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44601/latest/Figure_21_04_01 ab. jpg View on Boundless. com

Viruses Virus classification by genome structure and core The type of genetic material (DNA or RNA) and its structure (single- or double-stranded, linear or circular, and segmented or non-segmented) are used to classify the virus core structures. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. November 8, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44595/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest View on Boundless. com

Viruses HIV, an enveloped, icosahedral virus, attaches to the CD 4 receptor of an immune cell and fuses with the cell membrane. Viral contents are released into the cell where viral enzymes convert the single-stranded RNA genome into DNA and incorporate it into the host genome. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44599/latest/Figure_21_03_04. jpg View on Boundless. com

Viruses Oak tree galls Galls are abnormal plant growth or swellings comprised of plant tissue. Galls are usually found on foliage or twigs. These unusual deformities are caused by plant growth-regulating chemicals or stimuli produced by an insect or other arthropod pest species. The chemicals produced by these causal organisms interfere with normal plant cell growth. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikimedia. "Table Rock Galls. " CC BY-SA http: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Table_Rock_Galls. jpg View on Boundless. com

Viruses Potatoes infected by a viroid These potatoes have been infected by the potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTV). It is typically spread when infected knives are used to cut healthy potatoes, which are then planted. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Other Acellular Entities: Prions and Viroids. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44601/latest/Figure_21_04_02. jpg View on Boundless. com

Viruses Attribution • Wiktionary. "virion. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/virion • Wiktionary. "virus. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/virus • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44595/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Wiktionary. "devolution. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/devolution • Wiktionary. "self-replicating. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/self-replicating • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44595/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Wiktionary. "isometric. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/isometric • Wiktionary. "filamentous. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/filamentous • Wiktionary. "envelope. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/envelope • Wiktionary. "capsid. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/capsid • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44595/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Wikipedia. "messenger RNA. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/messenger%20 RNA • Boundless Learning. "Boundless. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //www. boundless. com//biology/definition/baltimore-classification • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. November 19, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44595/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44595/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Wiktionary. "glycoprotein. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/glycoprotein Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com • Wiktionary. "retrovirus. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/retrovirus

Viruses • Wiktionary. "virion. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/virion • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44597/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Wiktionary. "lytic cycle. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/lytic_cycle • Wiktionary. "lysogenic cycle. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/lysogenic_cycle • Wiktionary. "bacteriophage. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/bacteriophage • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 23, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44597/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44597/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Wikipedia. "receptor-mediated endocytosis. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/receptor-mediated%20 endocytosis • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44597/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Wikipedia. "vertical transmission. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/vertical%20 transmission • Wikipedia. "horizontal transmission. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/horizontal%20 transmission • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44597/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Wikipedia. "killed vaccine. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/killed%20 vaccine • Wikipedia. "live vaccine. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/live%20 vaccine • Wiktionary. "vaccination. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/vaccination • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44599/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Wiktionary. "Ebola virus. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/Ebola_virus • Wiktionary. "virion. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/virion Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com

Viruses • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44599/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Wiktionary. "proteinaceous. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/proteinaceous • Wiktionary. "viroid. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/viroid • Wiktionary. "prion. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/prion • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 23, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44601/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44601/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com