Boundless Lecture Slides Available on the Boundless Teaching
Boundless Lecture Slides Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com
Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Using Boundless Presentations The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. Get started now at: http: //boundless. com/teaching-platform Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless. com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com
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Special Senses The Vertebrate Visual System Taste and Olfaction Hearing and Equilibrium Special Senses Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com
Special Senses > The Vertebrate Visual System • Anatomy of the Eye • Transduction of Light • Visual Processing Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/special-senses-15/the-vertebrate-visual-system-145/
Special Senses > Taste and Olfaction • Tastes and Odors • Reception and Transduction Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/special-senses-15/taste-and-olfaction-146/
Special Senses > Hearing and Equilibrium • Sound • The Vestibular System • Reception of Sound • Transduction of Sound Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/special-senses-15/hearing-and-equilibrium-147/
Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com
Special Senses Key terms • amplitude measure of a wave from its highest point to its lowest point; heard as volume • cochlea the complex, spirally coiled, tapered cavity of the inner ear in which sound vibrations are converted into nerve impulses • cone cell located near the center of the retina that is weakly photosensitive and is responsible for color vision in relatively bright light • frequency characterized as a periodic vibration that is audible; property of sound that most determines pitch and is measured in hertz • incus small anvil-shaped bone in the middle ear; connects the malleus to the stapes • malleus small hammer-shaped bone of the middle ear • odorant any substance that has a distinctive smell, especially one added to something (such as household gas) for safety purposes • olfactory concerning the sense of smell • optic chiasma found at the base of the brain and coordinates information from both eyes • ossicle a small bone (or bony structure), especially one of the three of the middle ear • papilla a nipple-like anatomical structure • pinna the visible, cartilaginous part of the ear that resides outside of the head and collects sound waves Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com
Special Senses • receptor a protein on a cell wall that binds with specific molecules so that they can be absorbed into the cell in order to control certain functions • retina the thin layer of cells at the back of the eyeball where light is converted into neural signals sent to the brain • rhodopsin a light-sensitive pigment in the rod cells of the retina; it consists of an opsin protein bound to the carotenoid retinal • rod a rod-shaped cell located in the outer retina of the eye that is extremely sensitive to light • stapes small stirrup-shaped bone of the middle ear • stereocilium any of many nonmotile cellular structures resembling long microvilli; those of the inner ear are responsible for auditory transduction • superior colliculus the primary area of the brain where eye movements are coordinated and integrated with auditory information • suprachiasmatic nucleus cluster of cells that is considered to be the body's internal clock, which controls our circadian (daylong) cycle • tastant any substance that stimulates the sense of taste • tonic activity when photoreceptors become slightly active even when not stimulated by light • transduce to convert energy from one form to another • tympanum innermost part of the outer ear; the eardrum Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com
Special Senses • ultrasound frequencies above the human detectable ceiling of approximately 20, 000 Hz • umami one of the five basic tastes, the savory taste of foods such as seaweed, cured fish, aged cheeses and meats • vestibular system the sensory system in mammals that contributes to movement, sense of balance, and spatial orientation • vestibulocochlear of or pertaining to the vestibular and cochlear nerves Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com
Special Senses Retina (a) The human eye is shown in cross section. The human eye contains structures, such as the cornea, iris, lens, and fovea, that process light so it can be deciphered by the retina. Other structures like the aqueous humor and the vitreous humor help maintain the shape of the eye. (b) A blowup shows the layers of the retina. The retina contains photoreceptive cells. In the retina, light is converted into neural signals sent to the brain. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Vision. October 17, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44761/latest/Figure_36_05_02. png View on Boundless. com
Special Senses Rods and cones are photoreceptors in the retina. Rods respond in low light and can detect only shades of gray. Cones respond in intense light and are responsible for color vision. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Vision. October 17, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44761/latest/Figure_36_05_03. jpg View on Boundless. com
Special Senses Human olfactory system In the human olfactory system, (a) bipolar olfactory neurons extend from (b) the olfactory epithelium, where olfactory receptors are located, to the olfactory bulb. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Taste and Smell. October 17, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44764/latest/Figure_36_03_01. jpg View on Boundless. com
Special Senses Taste buds (a) Foliate, circumvallate, and fungiform papillae are located on different regions of the tongue. (b) Foliate papillae are prominent protrusions on this light micrograph. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Taste and Smell. October 17, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44764/latest/Figure_36_03_03. jpg View on Boundless. com
Special Senses The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SNC) The presence of light and darkness influences circadian rhythms and related physiology and behavior through the SCN. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikipedia. "Suprachiasmatic nucleus. " GNU FDL http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Suprachiasmatic_nucleus View on Boundless. com
Special Senses Vestibular labrynth The structure of the vestibular labyrinth is made up of five vestibular receptor organs in the inner ear: the utricle, the saccule, and three semicircular canals. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Hearing and Vestibular Sensation. October 17, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44760/latest/Figure_36_04_04. jpg View on Boundless. com
Special Senses Amplitude For sound waves, wavelength corresponds to pitch. The amplitude of the wave corresponds to volume. The sound wave shown with a dashed line is softer in volume than the sound wave shown with a solid line. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Hearing and Vestibular Sensation. October 17, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44760/latest/Figure_36_04_01. jpg View on Boundless. com
Special Senses Uniform distribution of taste receptors (the myth of the tongue map) Humans detect taste using receptors called taste buds. Each of these receptors is specially adapted to determine one type of taste sensation. Recent evidence suggests that taste receptors are uniformly distributed across the tongue; thus, this traditional tongue map is no longer valid. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikispaces. "ehumanbiofield - Sense of Taste Wiki. Page NLL. " CC BY-SA https: //ehumanbiofield. wikispaces. com/Sense+of+Taste+Wiki. Page+NLL View on Boundless. com
Special Senses Uniform Distribution of Taste Receptors Humans detect taste using receptors called taste buds. Each of these receptors is specially adapted to determine one type of taste sensation. Recent evidence suggests that taste receptors are uniformly distributed across the tongue; thus, the traditional tongue map is no longer valid. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikimedia Commons. "The Tongue. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: 1402_The_Tongue. jpg View on Boundless. com
Special Senses Rod and cone cells Human rod cells and the different types of cone cells each have an optimal wavelength. However, there is considerable overlap in the wavelengths of light detected. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Vision. October 17, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44761/latest/Figure_36_05_06. jpg View on Boundless. com
Special Senses Rhodopsin (a) Rhodopsin, the photoreceptor in vertebrates, has two parts: the trans-membrane protein opsin and retinal. When light strikes the retinal, it changes shape from (b) a cis to a trans form. The signal is passed to a G-protein called transducin, triggering a series of downstream events. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Vision. October 17, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44761/latest/Figure_36_05_04. jpg View on Boundless. com
Special Senses Hyperpolarized visual receptors When light strikes rhodopsin, the G-protein transducin is activated, which in turn activates phosphodiesterase. Phosphodiesterase converts c. GMP to GMP, thereby closing sodium channels. As a result, the membrane becomes hyperpolarized. The hyperpolarized membrane does not release glutamate to the bipolar cell. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Vision. October 17, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44761/latest/Figure_36_05_05. jpg View on Boundless. com
Special Senses Human ear Sound travels through the outer ear to the middle ear, which is bounded on its exterior by the tympanic membrane. The middle ear contains three bones called ossicles that transfer the sound wave to the oval window, the exterior boundary of the inner ear. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Hearing and Vestibular Sensation. October 17, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44760/latest/Figure_36_04_02. jpg View on Boundless. com
Special Senses Inner ear The inner ear can be divided into three parts: the semicircular canals, the vestibule, and the cochlea, all of which are located in the temporal bone. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikimedia. "Blausen_0329_Ear. Anatomy_Internal. Ear. png. " Public domain https: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Blausen_0329_Ear. Anatomy_Internal. Ear. png View on Boundless. com
Special Senses Transduction In the human ear, sound waves cause the stapes to press against the oval window. Vibrations travel up the fluid-filled interior of the cochlea. The basilar membrane that lines the cochlea gets continuously thinner toward the apex of the cochlea. Different thicknesses of membrane vibrate in response to different frequencies of sound. Sound waves then exit through the round window. In the cross section of the cochlea (top right figure), note that in addition to the upper canal and lower canal, the cochlea also has a middle canal. The organ of Corti (bottom image) is the site of sound transduction. Movement of stereocilia on hair cells results in an action potential that travels along the auditory nerve. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Hearing and Vestibular Sensation. October 17, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44760/latest/Figure_36_04_03 abcf. png View on Boundless. com
Special Senses Diagram of the middle ear The middle ear exists between the tympanic membrane (the boundary with the outer ear) and the oval window (the boundary with the inner ear) and consists of three bones: the malleus (meaning hammer), the incus (meaning anvil), and the stapes (meaning stirrup). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikimedia. "Blausen_0330_Ear. Anatomy_Middle. Ear. png. " CC BY 3. 0 https: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Blausen_0330_Ear. Anatomy_Middle. Ear. png View on Boundless. com
Special Senses Attribution • Wiktionary. "receptor. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/receptor • Wiktionary. "umami. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/umami • Wiktionary. "olfactory. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/olfactory • virtualgardneranatphys Wikispace. "Smell Fall 2011. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //virtualgardneranatphys. wikispaces. com/Smell+Fall+2011 • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 17, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44764/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Wiktionary. "papilla. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/papilla • Wiktionary. "tastant. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/tastant • Wiktionary. "odorant. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/odorant • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 17, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44764/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Wiktionary. "frequency. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/frequency • Wiktionary. "amplitude. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/amplitude • Boundless Learning. "Boundless. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //www. boundless. com//biology/definition/ultrasound • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 17, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44760/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Wiktionary. "incus. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/incus • Wiktionary. "pinna. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/pinna • Boundless Learning. "Boundless. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //www. boundless. com//biology/definition/tympanum • Wiktionary. "malleus. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/malleus Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com
Special Senses • Wiktionary. "stapes. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/stapes • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 17, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44760/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Wiktionary. "ossicle. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/ossicle • Wiktionary. "transduce. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/transduce • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Hearing and Vestibular Sensation. June 26, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/contents/45 f 94050 -f 136 -4699 -9779 -b 2953173 b 7 bf@5 • Wiktionary. "cochlea. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/cochlea • Wiktionary. "stereocilium. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/stereocilium • Wiktionary. "vestibulocochlear. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/vestibulocochlear • Boundless Learning. "Boundless. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //www. boundless. com//biology/definition/vestibular-system • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 17, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44760/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Wiktionary. "rod. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/rod • Wiktionary. "cone. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/cone • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 17, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44761/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Wiktionary. "retina. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/retina • Wikibooks. "Ophthalmology/Anatomy of the Eye. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikibooks. org/wiki/Ophthalmology/Anatomy_of_the_Eye • Wiktionary. "transduction. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/transduction • Wiktionary. "rhodopsin. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/rhodopsin • Boundless Learning. "Boundless. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //www. boundless. com//biology/definition/tonic-activity Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 17, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0
Special Senses • Boundless Learning. "Boundless. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //www. boundless. com//biology/definition/suprachiasmatic-nucleus • Boundless Learning. "Boundless. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //www. boundless. com//biology/definition/optic-chiasma • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 17, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44761/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Boundless Learning. "Boundless. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //www. boundless. com//biology/definition/superior-colliculus Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com
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