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The Scramble for Africa The Berlin Conference The Belgian Congo France in Africa and the United Kingdom German Imperalism The Scramble for Africa Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com

The Scramble for Africa (continued) The Independent African States The Scramble for Africa Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com

The Scramble for Africa > The Berlin Conference • European Exploration of Africa • Involvement in Africa before 1884 • European Consensus of Africa • "The General Act of the Conference" Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com/world-history/textbooks/boundless-world-history-textbook/the-scramble-for-africa-1303/the-berlin-conference-1304/

The Scramble for Africa > The Belgian Congo • Administration of the Belgian Congo • The Rubber Industry Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com/world-history/textbooks/boundless-world-history-textbook/the-scramble-for-africa-1303/the-belgian-congo-1305/

The Scramble for Africa > France in Africa • French West Africa • The Maghreb • French Efforts toward Assimilation Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com/world-history/textbooks/boundless-world-history-textbook/the-scramble-for-africa-1303/france-in-africa-1306/

The Scramble for Africa > Africa and the United Kingdom • Egypt under the British Influence • South Africa and the Boer Wars • Competition with France Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com/world-history/textbooks/boundless-world-history-textbook/the-scramble-for-africa-1303/africa-and-the-united-kingdom-1307/

The Scramble for Africa > German Imperalism • Germany and the Desire for Colonies • Germany and the Herero Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com/world-history/textbooks/boundless-world-history-textbook/the-scramble-for-africa-1303/german-imperalism-1308/

The Scramble for Africa > The Independent African States • Liberia • Ethiopia Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com/world-history/textbooks/boundless-world-history-textbook/the-scramble-for-africa-1303/the-independent-african-states-1309/

Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com

The Scramble for Africa Key terms • "informal imperialism" The use of indirect means to control an area, sometimes a military presence but usually economic control. • Abir Congo Company A company that exploited natural rubber in the Congo Free State, the private property of King Leopold II of Belgium. • American Colonization Society A group established in 1816 by Robert Finley of New Jersey that supported the migration of free African Americans to the continent of Africa. It helped to found the colony of Liberia in 1821– 22 on the coast of West Africa as a place for free-born American blacks. • Anglo-Egyptian War An 1882 war between Egyptian and Sudanese forces under Ahmed ‘Urabi and the United Kingdom. It ended a nationalist uprising against the Khedive Tewfik Pasha and vastly expanded British influence over the country at the expense of the French. • apartheid A system of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa between 1948 and 1991, when it was abolished. • Battle of Adwa A battle fought in March 1896 between the Ethiopian Empire and the Kingdom of Italy near the town of Adwa, Ethiopia, in Tigray. This climactic battle of the First Italo-Ethiopian War was a decisive defeat for Italy and secured Ethiopian sovereignty. • Blaise Diagne A French political leader and mayor of Dakar. He was the first black African elected to the French Chamber of Deputies (1914), and the first to hold a position in the French government. • Boer The Dutch and Afrikaans word for "farmer. " In South Africa, it was used to denote the descendants of the Dutch-speaking settlers of the eastern Cape frontier during the 18 th century. For a time the Dutch East India Company controlled this area, but it was taken over by the United Kingdom. • Casement Report A 1904 document written by the British diplomat Roger Casement (1864– 1916) detailing abuses in the Congo Free State under the private ownership of King Leopold II of Belgium. This report was instrumental in Leopold relinquishing his private holdings in Africa. He had owned the Congolese state since 1885, granted to him by the Berlin Conference, and exploited its natural resources (mostly rubber) for his own private wealth. • Cecil Rhodes A British businessman, mining magnate, and politician in South Africa who served as prime minister of the Cape Colony from 1890 to 1896. An ardent believer in British imperialism, he and his British South Africa Company founded the Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com southern African territory of Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe and Zambia), which the company named after him in 1895.

The Scramble for Africa • colonialism The establishment of a colony in one territory by a political power from another territory and the subsequent maintenance, expansion, and exploitation of that colony. The term is also used to describe the unequal relationships between the colonial power and the colony and often between the colonists and the indigenous peoples. • Congo Free State A large state in Central Africa from 1885 to 1908 in personal union with the Kingdom of Belgium under Leopold II. • Congo Reform Association A movement formed with the declared intention to aid the exploited and impoverished workforce of the Congo by drawing attention to their plight. The association was founded in March 1904 by Dr. Henry Grattan Guinness, Edmund Dene Morel, and Roger Casement. • Congo rubber Rubbers obtained from a wild species of vines, namely the Landolphia. Unlike rubber from Brazil and other places, which comes from trees, this type of rubber cannot be cultivated. The intense drive to collect latex from wild plants was responsible for many of the atrocities committed under the Congo Free State. • David Livingstone A Scottish congregationalist pioneer medical missionary with the London Missionary Society and an explorer in Africa, one of the most popular national heroes of the late-19 th-century in Victorian Britain. He had a mythical status that operated on a number of interconnected levels: Protestant missionary martyr, working-class "rags-to-riches" inspirational story, scientific investigator and explorer, imperial reformer, anti-slavery crusader, and advocate of commercial and colonial expansion. • Entente Cordiale A series of agreements signed on April 8, 1904, between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland the French Third Republic, which saw a significant improvement in Anglo-French relations. Beyond the immediate concerns of colonial expansion addressed by the agreement, their signing marked the end of almost a thousand years of intermittent conflict between the two states and their predecessors. • Eugen Fischer A German professor of medicine, anthropology, and eugenics, and a member of the Nazi Party. He served as director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics, and as rector of the Frederick William University of Berlin. His ideas informed the Nuremberg Laws of 1935 and served to justify the Nazi Party's attitudes of racial superiority. Adolf Hitler read his work while imprisoned in 1923 and used his eugenical notions to support the ideal of a pure Aryan society in his manifesto, Mein Kampf (My Struggle). • Fashoda Incident The climax of imperial territorial disputes between Britain and France in Eastern Africa in 1898. A French expedition to Fashoda on the White Nile river sought to gain control of the Upper Nile river basin and thereby exclude Britain from the Sudan. The French party and a British detachment met on friendly terms, but back in Europe, it became a war scare. The British held firm as both nations stood on the verge of war with heated rhetoric on both sides. Under heavy pressure the Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com French withdrew, securing Anglo-Egyptian control over the area.

The Scramble for Africa • German South-West Africa A colony of the German Empire from 1884 until 1915. It was 1. 5 times the size of the mainland German Empire in Europe at the time. The colony had a population of around 2, 600 Germans, numerous indigenous rebellions, and a widespread genocide of the indigenous peoples. • Heart of Darkness A novella by Polish-British novelist Joseph Conrad about a voyage up the Congo River into the Congo Free State in the heart of Africa by the story's narrator Marlow. The work's central ideal is that there is little difference between socalled civilized people and those described as savages; the book raises questions about imperialism and racism. • Henry Morton Stanley A Welsh-American journalist and explorer famous for his exploration of central Africa and his search for missionary and explorer David Livingstone. Upon finding Livingstone, he reportedly asked, "Dr. Livingstone, I presume? " He is also known for his search for the source of the Nile, his work in and development of the Congo Basin region in association with King Leopold II of the Belgians, and commanding the Emin Pasha Relief Expedition. • Herero An ethnic group inhabiting parts of Southern Africa. The majority reside in Namibia, with the remainder found in Botswana and Angola. During the German colonial empire, the German colonists committed genocide against these people. • Joseph Jenkins Roberts The first (1848– 1856) and seventh (1872– 1876) President of Liberia. Born free in Norfolk, Virginia, he emigrated to Liberia in 1829 as a young man. He opened a trading store in Monrovia and later engaged in politics. When Liberia became independent in July 26, 1847, he was elected the first black American president for the Republic of Liberia, serving until 1856. In 1872 he was elected again to serve as Liberia's seventh president. • Khedivate of Egypt An autonomous tributary state of the Ottoman Empire, established and ruled by the Muhammad Ali Dynasty following the defeat and expulsion of Napoleon Bonaparte's forces, which brought an end to the short-lived French occupation of Lower Egypt. • King Leopold II of Belgium The second King of the Belgians, known as the founder and sole owner of the Congo Free State, a private project undertaken on his own behalf. He used explorer Henry Morton Stanley to help him lay claim to the Congo, an area now known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo. At the Berlin Conference of 1884– 1885, the colonial nations of Europe authorized his claim by committing the Congo Free State to improving the lives of the native inhabitants. • Maghreb Previously known as Barbary Coast, this area is usually defined as much or most of the region of western North Africa or Northwest Africa, west of Egypt. The traditional definition includes the Atlas Mountains and the coastal plains of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya. • New Imperialism A period of colonial expansion by European powers, the United States, and the Empire of Japan during the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries. The period is distinguished by an unprecedented pursuit of overseas territorial acquisitions. At the time, states focused on building their empires with new technological advances and developments, making their Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com territories bigger through conquest, and exploiting their resources. The new wave of imperialism reflected ongoing rivalries

The Scramble for Africa • principle of effective occupation Colonial powers could acquire rights over colonial lands only if they possessed them: if they had treaties with local leaders, if they flew their flag there, and if they established an administration in the territory with a police force to keep order. • protectorate A dependent territory that has been granted local autonomy and independence while still largely controlled by another sovereign state. In exchange, the dependent state usually accepts specified obligations, which ay vary depending on the nature of their relationship. They are different from colonies as they have local rulers. • pygmy A member of an ethnic group whose average height is unusually short; anthropologists define it as a population with average height for adult men of less than 150 cm (4 feet 11 inches). • Scramble for Africa The invasion, occupation, division, colonization, and annexation of African territory by European powers during the period of New Imperialism, between 1881 and 1914. It is also called the Partition of Africa and the Conquest of Africa. In 1870, only 10 percent of Africa was under European control; by 1914 it had increased to 90 percent of the continent, with only Ethiopia (Abyssinia), the Dervish state (present-day Somalia) and Liberia still independent. • spheres of influence A spatial region or concept division over which a state or organization has a level of cultural, economic, military, or political exclusivity, accommodating to the interests of powers outside the borders of the state that controls it. • Suez Crisis An invasion of Egypt in late 1956 by Israel, followed by the United Kingdom and France. The aims were to regain Western control of the Suez Canal and remove Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser from power. After the fighting started, political pressure from the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Nations led to a withdrawal by the three invaders. The episode humiliated Great Britain and France and strengthened Nasser. • Tewodros II The Emperor of Ethiopia from 1855 until his death. His rule is often placed as the beginning of modern Ethiopia, ending the decentralized Zemene Mesafint (Era of the Princes). • Weltpolitik The foreign policy adopted by the Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany in 1891, which marked a decisive break with former "Realpolitik. " The aim was to transform Germany into a global power through aggressive diplomacy, the acquisition of overseas colonies, and the development of a large navy. • Évolué A French term used during the colonial era to refer to a native African or Asian who had "evolved" by becoming Europeanized through education or assimilation and had accepted European values and patterns of behavior. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com

The Scramble for Africa The Battle of Adwa Ethiopian forces, assisted by St George (top), win the Battle of Adwa. Painted 1965 -75. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikimedia Commons. "COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_slag_bij_Adua_TMnr_5956 -2. jpg. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_slag_bij_Adua_TMnr_5956 -2. jpg View on Boundless. com

The Scramble for Africa Republic of Liberia Charles D. B. King, 17 th President of Liberia (1920 -1930), with his entourage on the steps of the Peace Palace, The Hague (the Netherlands), 1927. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikimedia Commons. "Liberia. King. jpg. " Public domain https: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Liberia. King. jpg View on Boundless. com

The Scramble for Africa Slave Trade in Africa Photograph of slaves captured from the Congo aboard an Arab slave ship intercepted by the Royal Navy (1869). One of the chief justifications for the colonization of Africa was the suppression of the slave trade. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikimedia Commons. "Slave_boat 1869. jpg. " Public domain https: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Slave_boat 1869. jpg View on Boundless. com

The Scramble for Africa The Veiled Protectorate of Egypt A gathering of Egyptian, Turkish, and British royalty in 1911. Queen Mary seated and King George V standing at extreme right. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikimedia. "Durbar_Port_Said_stopover_1911. jpg. " Public domain https: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Durbar_Port_Said_stopover_1911. jpg View on Boundless. com

The Scramble for Africa Blaise Diagne, a Senegalese man who attained French citizenship and rose to political prominence during the height of the assimilation movement in colonial France, was the first black African elected to the French Chamber of Deputies and the first to hold a position in the French government. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikimedia Commons. "Blaise_Diagne-1921. jpg. " Public domain https: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Blaise_Diagne-1921. jpg View on Boundless. com

The Scramble for Africa King N'Diagaye, a local chief near Dakar Senegal, receiving a French Administrator. c. 1910. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikimedia Commons. "Dakar_king_N'Diagaye_1900 s. jpg. " Public domain https: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Dakar_king_N%27 Diagaye_1900 s. jpg View on Boundless. com

The Scramble for Africa European Exploration of Africa Routes of European explorers in Africa to 1853. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikimedia Commons. "Routes_of_European_explorers_in_Africa, _to_1853. jpg. " Public domain https: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Routes_of_European_explorers_in_Africa, _to_1853. jpg View on Boundless. com

The Scramble for Africa Congress of Berlin A depiction of the Congress of Berlin, which resulted in France receiving Tunisia from Britain. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikimedia Commons. "Berliner_kongress. jpg. " Public domain https: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Berliner_kongress. jpg View on Boundless. com

The Scramble for Africa Otto Von Bismarck's Ambivalence Cartoon from 1884. Bismarck is happy with other nations being busy "down there. " Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikimedia Commons. "440 px-Kladderadatsch_1884_-_Die_Südsee_ist_das_Mittelmeer_der_Zukunft. png. " Public domain https: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Kladderadatsch_1884_-_Die_S%C 3%BCdsee_ist_das_Mittelmeer_der_Zukunft. png View on Boundless. com

The Scramble for Africa Surviving Herero Photograph of emaciated survivors of the German genocide against Herero after an escape through the arid desert of Omaheke Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikimedia Commons. "Surviving_Herero. jpg. " Public domain https: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Surviving_Herero. jpg View on Boundless. com

The Scramble for Africa French Invasion of Algeria Fighting at the gates of Algiers in 1830. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikimedia Commons. "Fighting_at_the_gates_of_Algiers_1830. jpg. " Public domain https: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Fighting_at_the_gates_of_Algiers_1830. jpg View on Boundless. com

The Scramble for Africa Boer Commandos As guerrillas without uniforms, the Boer fighters easily blended into the farmlands, which provided hiding places, supplies, and horses. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikimedia Commons. "Afrikaner_Commandos 2. JPG. " Public domain https: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Afrikaner_Commandos 2. JPG View on Boundless. com

The Scramble for Africa Berlin Confernence A drawing of the Berlin Conference. The main dominating powers of the conference were France, Germany, Great Britain, and Portugal. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikimedia Commons. "Afrikakonferenz. jpg. " Public domain https: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Afrikakonferenz. jpg View on Boundless. com

The Scramble for Africa Colonial Africa 1913 European claims in Africa, 1913. Modern-day boundaries, largely a legacy of the colonial era, are shown. Yellow: Belgium; Green: Germany; Pink: Spain; Blue: France; Red: Britain; Lime Green: Italy; Purple: Portugal; Gray: Independent. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikimedia Commons. "Colonial_Africa_1913_map. svg. png. " GNU FDL 1. 2 https: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Colonial_Africa_1913_map. svg View on Boundless. com

The Scramble for Africa Fashoda Incident Central and East Africa, 1898, during the Fashoda Incident. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikimedia Commons. "Fashoda_Incident_map_-_en. svg. png. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Fashoda_Incident_map_-_en. svg View on Boundless. com

The Scramble for Africa The Rhodes Colossus Cecil Rhodes spanning "Cape to Cairo, " symbolizing the British imperial ambitions of the late 19 th century. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikimedia Commons. "440 px-Punch_Rhodes_Colossus. png. " Public domain https: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Punch_Rhodes_Colossus. png View on Boundless. com

The Scramble for Africa Mutilated Children From the Congolese children and wives whose fathers or husbands failed to meet rubber collection quotas were often punished by having their hands cut off. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikimedia Commons. "Mutilated. Children. From. Congo. jpg. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Mutilated. Children. From. Congo. jpg View on Boundless. com

The Scramble for Africa In the Rubber Coils A cartoon depicting Leopold II as a rubber vine entangling a Congolese rubber collector. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikimedia Commons. "Punch_congo_rubber_cartoon. jpg. " Public domain https: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Punch_congo_rubber_cartoon. jpg View on Boundless. com

The Scramble for Africa Attribution • Wikipedia. "Henry Morton Stanley. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley • Wikipedia. "David Livingstone. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/David_Livingstone • Wikipedia. "Exploration of Africa. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Exploration_of_Africa • Wikipedia. "Colonisation of Africa. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Colonisation_of_Africa • Wikipedia. "Scramble for Africa. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa • Wikipedia. "Berlin Conference. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Berlin_Conference • Wikipedia. "New Imperialism. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/New_Imperialism • Wikipedia. "Scramble for Africa. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa • Wikipedia. "Berlin Conference. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Berlin_Conference • Wikipedia. "Colonisation of Africa. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Colonisation_of_Africa • Wikipedia. "Scramble for Africa. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa • Wikipedia. "Berlin Conference. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Berlin_Conference • Wikipedia. "History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo • Wikipedia. "Democratic Republic of the Congo. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo • Wikipedia. "Force Publique. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Force_Publique • Wikipedia. "Congo Free State. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Congo_Free_State • Wikipedia. "Democratic Republic of the Congo. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com

The Scramble for Africa • Wikipedia. "Abir Congo Company. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Abir_Congo_Company • Wikipedia. "Congo Free State. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Congo_Free_State • Wikipedia. "French West Africa. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/French_West_Africa • Wikipedia. "French colonial empire. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/French_colonial_empire • Wikipedia. "Cercle (French colonial). " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cercle_(French_colonial) • Wikipedia. "French North Africa. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/French_North_Africa • Wikipedia. "French Algeria. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/French_Algeria • Wikipedia. "French protectorate of Tunisia. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Tunisia • Wikipedia. "Pied-Noir. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Pied-Noir • Wikipedia. "French protectorate in Morocco. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/French_protectorate_in_Morocco • Wikipedia. "French colonial empire. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/French_colonial_empire • Wikipedia. "Assimilation (French colonialism). " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Assimilation_(French_colonialism) • Wikipedia. "Civilizing mission. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Civilizing_mission • Wikipedia. "Four Communes. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Four_Communes • Wikipedia. "History of modern Egypt. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/History_of_modern_Egypt • Wikipedia. "History of Egypt. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/History_of_Egypt • Wikipedia. "Khedivate of Egypt. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt • Wikipedia. "History of Egypt under the British. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_British • Wikipedia. "Second Boer War. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Second_Boer_War Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com

The Scramble for Africa • Wikipedia. "Military history of South Africa. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa • Wikipedia. "First Boer War. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/First_Boer_War • Wikipedia. "South African Wars (1879– 1915). " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/South_African_Wars_(1879 -1915) • Wikipedia. "History of South Africa. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/History_of_South_Africa • Wikipedia. "International relations of the Great Powers (1814– 1919). " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/International_relations_of_the_Great_Powers_(1814 -1919) • Wikipedia. "Fashoda syndrome. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Fashoda_syndrome • Wikipedia. "Fashoda Incident. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Fashoda_Incident • Wikipedia. "France–United Kingdom relations. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/France-United_Kingdom_relations • Wikipedia. "German colonial empire. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/German_colonial_empire • Wikipedia. "Weltpolitik. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Weltpolitik • Wikipedia. "History of Germany. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/History_of_Germany • Wikipedia. "German colonial empire. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/German_colonial_empire • Wikipedia. "Herero and Namaqua genocide. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Herero_and_Namaqua_genocide • Wikipedia. "Herero people. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Herero_people • Wikipedia. "Maji Rebellion. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Maji_Rebellion • Wikipedia. "American Colonization Society. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/American_Colonization_Society • Wikipedia. "History of Liberia. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/History_of_Liberia • Wikipedia. "Liberia. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Liberia • Wikipedia. "Battle of Adwa. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Battle_of_Adwa Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com

The Scramble for Africa • Wikipedia. "First Italo-Ethiopian War. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/First_Italo-Ethiopian_War • Wikipedia. "Ethiopia. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ethiopia • Wikipedia. "History of Ethiopia. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/History_of_Ethiopia Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com