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Introduction to Psychology > History of Psychology • Early Roots of Psychology • Early Frameworks: Structuralism and Functionalism • Psychodynamic Perspective • Behavioral Perspective • Humanistic Perspective • Cognitive Perspective • Sociocultural Perspective • Biological Perspectives • Evolutionary Perspectives Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com/psychology
Introduction to Psychology > History of Psychology Early Roots of Psychology • From approximately 600 to 300 BC, Greek philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle conjectured on topics seen in psychology today such as pleasure, pain, knowledge, motivation, rationality, and mental illness. • In the 1600 s, French mathematician and philosopher René Descartes theorized that the body and mind are separate entities, a concept that came to be known as dualism. • Thomas Hobbes and John Locke were English philosophers from the 17 th century who disagreed with the concept of dualism, arguing that sensations, images, thoughts and feelings are physical processes that occur within the brain. • The first use of the term "psychology" is often attributed to the German scholastic Plato and Aristotle View on Boundless. com philosopher Rudolf Göckel in 1590; however, the term did not come into popular usage until German philosopher Christian Wolff popularized it in 1732– 1734. • Psychology was largely a branch of philosophy until the mid-1800 s, when it developed as an independent scientific discipline in Germany and the United States. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com/psychology/the-science-of-psychology/history-of-psychology/early-roots-of-psychology-f 6 ab 84 f 2 -57 c 9 -4228 -b 235 b 54048 baba 1 e
Introduction to Psychology > History of Psychology Early Frameworks: Structuralism and Functionalism • The late 19 th century marks the start of psychology as a scientific enterprise. Wilhelm Wundt, often considered the founder of psychology, founded the first laboratory dedicated exclusively to psychological research in 1879. • Edward B. Titchener studied under Wundt, and expanded upon Wundt's ideas to found theory of structuralism. • Structuralism attempted to understand the mind as the sum of varying underlying parts, classifying the structures of the mind much like chemists classify the elements of nature into the periodic table. • Functionalism, founded by William James as an alternative to structuralism, focused more attention on the functions of the mind and the ways in which the Wilhelm Wundt View on Boundless. com mind adapts to changing situations and environments. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com/psychology/the-science-of-psychology/history-of-psychology/early-frameworks-structuralism-and-functionalism
Introduction to Psychology > History of Psychology Psychodynamic Perspective • The psychodynamic perspective focuses on the dynamic relations between the conscious and unconscious mind, and how these psychological forces might relate to early childhood experiences. • Psychodynamics originated with Sigmund Freud in the late 19 th century, who suggested that psychological processes are flows of psychological energy (libido) in a complex brain. • Freud's theory of psychoanalysis holds two major assumptions: (1) that much of mental life is unconscious, and (2) that past experiences, especially in early childhood, shape how a person feels and behaves throughout life. • Freud's structural model of personality divides the personality into three parts— The id, ego, and superego View on Boundless. com the id, the ego, and the superego. When these parts are in conflict, an imbalance occurs in the form of psychological distress. • Carl Jung expanded upon Freud's theories, introducing the concepts of the archetype, the collective unconscious, and individuation. • Most psychodynamic approaches center around using talk therapy to examine maladaptive functions that developed early in life and are, at least in part, unconscious. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com/psychology/the-science-of-psychology/history-of-psychology/psychodynamic-perspective
Introduction to Psychology > History of Psychology Behavioral Perspective • Behaviorism emerged in the early 20 th century as a reaction to "mentalistic" psychology, such as the psychoanalytic theory of the time, which focuses on inner states rather than observable behaviors. • The primary tenet of behaviorism is that psychology should concern itself with the observable behavior of people and animals, not with unobservable events that take place in their minds. • The Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov is widely known for describing the phenomenon now known as classical conditioning in his experiments with dogs. • Edward Lee Thorndike was an American psychologist whose work on animal behavior and the learning process led him to discover the "law of effect". Watson's "Little Albert" experiment View on Boundless. com • John B. Watson was an American psychologist who is best known for his classical conditioning experiment using "Little Albert". • B. F. Skinner coined the term operant conditioning, in which a voluntary response is strengthened or attenuated depending on its association with positive or negative consequences. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com/psychology/the-science-of-psychology/history-of-psychology/behavioral-perspective
Introduction to Psychology > History of Psychology Humanistic Perspective • Humanistic psychology is a psychological perspective which rose to prominence in the mid-20 th century, drawing on the philosophies of existentialism, phenomenology, and eastern philosophy. • In the 1950 s, early humanistic psychologists focused on uniquely human issues, such as the self, self-actualization, health, hope, love, creativity, nature, being, becoming, individuality, and meaning. • Abraham Maslow (1908 - 1970) is considered the founder of humanistic psychology, and is noted for his conceptualization of a "hierarchy of human needs". Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs • Carl Rogers (1902 -1987) is best known for his person-centered approach to View on Boundless. com therapy, as well as his emphasis on the idea of unconditional positive regard. • Rollo May (1909 -1994) focused on existential ideas, the importance of human choice, and the tragic dimensions of human existence. • The aim of much humanistic therapy is to help the client approach a stronger and healthier sense of self, or in humanistic terms, a state of self-actualization. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com/psychology/the-science-of-psychology/history-of-psychology/humanistic-perspective
Introduction to Psychology > History of Psychology Cognitive Perspective • Cognitive psychologists are interested in how people understand, diagnose, and solve problems. Major areas of research include perception, memory, categorization, language, and thinking. • Cognitive psychology is one of the more recent additions to psychological research, having only developed as a separate area within the discipline since the late 1950 s and early 1960 s. • The perspective had its foundations in the Gestalt psychology of Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler, and Kurt Koffka, and in the contemporary advancements in technology and computer science. Jean Piaget • Jean Piaget studied intellectual development in children, and is most widely View on Boundless. com known for his stage theory of cognitive development. • The cognitive perspective values the scientific method over reliance on introspection (unlike Freudian psychology), but acknowledges the existence of internal mental states (unlike behaviorist psychology). • Cognitive theory contends that solutions to problems take the form of algorithms, heuristics, or insight. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com/psychology/the-science-of-psychology/history-of-psychology/cognitive-perspective
Introduction to Psychology > History of Psychology Sociocultural Perspective • Sociocultural factors are the larger scale forces within cultures and societies (such as attitudes, child-rearing practices, gender roles, race, etc. ) that affect the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of individuals. • Several sub-fields within psychology seek to examine how sociocultural factors influence human mental states and behavior; among these are social psychology, cultural psychology, and cultural-historical psychology. • Social psychology is the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others. • The main tenet of cultural psychology is that mind and culture are inseparable and mutually constitutive, meaning that people are shaped by their culture and their White American culture View on Boundless. com culture is also shaped by them. • Cultural-historical psychology was formed by Lev Vygotsky in the late 1920 s, and focuses on how aspects of culture are transmitted from one generation to the next. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com/psychology/the-science-of-psychology/history-of-psychology/sociocultural-perspective
Introduction to Psychology > History of Psychology Biological Perspectives • Biological psychology as a scientific discipline emerged from a variety of scientific and philosophical traditions in the 18 th and 19 th centuries, when philosophers like Descartes and James proposed physical models to explain animal and human behavior. • Biological psychologists are interested in measuring biological, physiological, or genetic variables in an attempt to relate them to psychological or behavioral variables. • Key areas of focus include sensation and perception; motivated behavior; control of movement; learning and memory; sleep and biological rhythms; and emotion. • Behavioral neuroscience has a strong history of contributing to the understanding MRI of the human brain View on Boundless. com of medical disorders, including those that fall under the realm of clinical psychology. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com/psychology/the-science-of-psychology/history-of-psychology/biological-perspectives
Introduction to Psychology > History of Psychology Evolutionary Perspectives • Evolutionary psychology is an approach in the social and natural sciences that examines psychological traits such as memory, perception, and language from a modern evolutionary perspective. • The field of evolutionary psychology has its historical roots in Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection, and was heavily influenced by other fields including ethology, evolutionary biology, cognitive psychology, artificial intelligence, genetics, and anthropology. • Just as evolutionary physiology has worked to identify physical adaptations of the body that represent "human physiological nature, " evolutionary psychology works Charles Darwin to identify evolved emotional and cognitive adaptations that represent "human View on Boundless. com psychological nature". • According to evolutionary psychology, the brain has evolved specialized neural mechanisms that were designed for solving problems that recurred over evolutionary time. • Evolutionary psychologists hypothesize that humans have inherited special mental capacities for adaptations such as acquiring language, inferring others' emotions, discerning kin from non-kin, identifying healthier mates, and cooperating with others. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com/psychology/the-science-of-psychology/history-of-psychology/evolutionary-perspectives
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Introduction to Psychology Key terms • adaptation The dynamic evolutionary process by which a trait with a current functional role in the life history of an organism is maintained and/or evolved by means of natural selection. • algorithm A precise step-by-step plan for a computational procedure that possibly begins with an input value and yields an output value in a finite number of steps. • behavioral neuroscience The application of the principles of biology (in particular neurobiology), to the study of physiological, genetic, and developmental mechanisms of behavior in human and non-human animals. • dualism In psychology, the belief that the mind and body are separate entities. • evolutionary biology A sub-field of biology concerned with the origin and descent of species and as their evolution, multiplication and diversity over time. • existentialism A twentieth-century philosophical movement emphasizing the uniqueness of each human existence in freely making its self-defining choices. • functionalism A general school of thought that considers psychological phenomena in terms of their role in adaptation to the person's environment. • gestalt a theory of mind that views the brain as holistic, and maintains that the human eye sees objects in their entirety before perceiving their individual parts, suggesting the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. • heuristic Experience-based techniques for problem solving, learning, and discovery that give a solution which is not guaranteed to be optimal. • introspection A looking inward; the act or process of self-examination, or inspection of one's own thoughts and feelings; the cognition which the mind has of its own acts and states; self-consciousness. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com
Introduction to Psychology • libido A person's overall sexual drive or desire for sexual activity. • mirroring A therapeutic practice in which therapist reflects a client's words, feelings, or thoughts back to him or her. • monism In psychology, the belief that the mind and body are intricately connected, rather than separate entities. • natural selection A process by which heritable traits conferring survival and reproductive advantage to individuals tend to be passed on to succeeding generations and become more frequent in a population. • neuropsychology A branch of psychology that aims to understand how the structure and function of the brain relate to specific behavioral and psychological processes. • phenomenology A philosophy based on the intuitive experience of phenomena, and on the premise that reality consists of objects and events as consciously perceived by conscious beings. • psychoanalysis a family of psychological theories and methods within the field of psychotherapy that work to find connections among patients' unconscious mental processes • psychoneuroimmunology The study of the interactions between behavioural, neural, endocrine and immune functions. • Sigmund Freud (1856 -1939) An Austrian neurologist who became known as the founding father of psychoanalysis. • sociocultural Of or relating to both society and culture. • structuralism A school of thought in psychology that focuses on exploring the individual elements of consciousness, how they are organized into more complex experiences, and how these mental phenomena correlate with physical events. • Vygotsky (1896 – 1934) a Soviet Russian-Belarusian psychologist, and the founder of a theory of human cultural and biosocial development commonly referred to as cultural-historical psychology Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com
Introduction to Psychology Plato and Aristotle Plato, Aristotle, and other ancient Greek philosophers conjectured on a wide range of topics relating to what we now consider psychology. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikimedia. "Sanzio 01 Plato Aristotle. " Public domain http: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Sanzio_01_Plato_Aristotle. jpg View on Boundless. com
Introduction to Psychology Wilhelm Wundt is considered by many to be the father of psychology, and lay the groundwork for what would later become theory of structuralism. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikimedia. "Wilhelm Wundt. " Public domain http: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Wilhelm_Wundt. jpg View on Boundless. com
Introduction to Psychology 101 - Wundt & James: Structuralism & Functionalism - Vook Here, the foundations of structuralism and functionalism are contrasted. Structuralism's reliance of introspection eventually proved unscientific. Functionalism's emphasis on the scientific study of the adaptive functions of behaviors and mental processes advanced the study of psychology as a science. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com You. Tube. "Psychology 101 - Wundt & James: Structuralism & Functionalism - Vook. " Youtube License http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=SW 6 nm 69 Z_IE View on Boundless. com
Introduction to Psychology The id, ego, and superego According to Freud's structural model, the personality is divided into the id, ego, and superego. On this diagram, the portion above the water signifies the conscious mind, while the portion below the water illustrates the unconscious mind. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikimedia. "Id ego superego. " GNU FDL http: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Id_ego_superego. jpg View on Boundless. com
Introduction to Psychology Sigmund Freud developed the psychosexual theory of human development. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com http: //Wikimedia. Public domain http: //Wikimedia View on Boundless. com
Introduction to Psychology Sigmund Freud created the original concept of psychodynamics based on theories of dynamic physiology. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com http: //Wikimedia. Public domain http: //Wikimedia View on Boundless. com
Introduction to Psychology Ivan Pavlov is best known for his experiments in with dogs in classical conditioning. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikipedia. "Ivan Pavlov NLM 3. " Public domain http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Ivan_Pavlov_NLM 3. jpg View on Boundless. com
Introduction to Psychology Watson's "Little Albert" experiment In Watson's famous experiment, he taught an infant to be afraid of a fur coat through the process of conditioning. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikipedia. "Little-albert. " Public domain http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Little-albert. jpg View on Boundless. com
Introduction to Psychology Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs In Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, a person must first meet lower-level physical needs before progressing to higher psychological needs. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikipedia. "Maslow. " CC BY-SA http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Maslow%2527 s_Hierarchy_of_Needs. svg View on Boundless. com
Introduction to Psychology Carl Rogers was one of the early pioneers of humanistic psychology, and is best known for his person-centered approach to therapy. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikia. "Image - Carl Rogers. jpg - Psychology Wiki. " CC BY-SA http: //psychology. wikia. com/wiki/File: Carl_Rogers. jpg View on Boundless. com
Introduction to Psychology Jean Piaget is most well-known for his stage theory of cognitive development. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikipedia. "Jean Piaget in Ann Arbor. " Public domain http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Jean_Piaget_in_Ann_Arbor. png View on Boundless. com
Introduction to Psychology White American culture Populations that are Western, educated, and industrialized tend to be overrepresented in psychological research. By studying only a narrow range of culture within human populations, psychologists fail to account for a substantial amount of diversity. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikipedia. "White. American. " CC BY-SA http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: White. American. jpg View on Boundless. com
Introduction to Psychology MRI of the human brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans of the head are often used to help psychologists understand the link between brain and behavior. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikimedia. "MRI brain. " CC BY-SA http: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: MRI_brain. jpg View on Boundless. com
Introduction to Psychology Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection was highly influential to the field of evolutionary psychology. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikimedia. "Charles Darwin 01. " Public domain http: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Charles_Darwin_01. jpg View on Boundless. com
Introduction to Psychology Which philosopher is known for his theory of dualism, in which the mind and body are viewed as separate entities? A) Descartes B) Locke C) Hobbes D) Plato Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com
Introduction to Psychology Which philosopher is known for his theory of dualism, in which the mind and body are viewed as separate entities? A) Descartes B) Locke C) Hobbes D) Plato Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Boundless - LO. "Boundless. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //www. boundless. com/
Introduction to Psychology Why has introspection been criticized as a reliable method of gaining an understanding of conscious experience? A) Critics believe introspection yields different results depending on who uses it. B) all of these answers C) Critics argue that self-analysis is not feasible. D) Critics argue that introspection can result in retrospection. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com
Introduction to Psychology Why has introspection been criticized as a reliable method of gaining an understanding of conscious experience? A) Critics believe introspection yields different results depending on who uses it. B) all of these answers C) Critics argue that self-analysis is not feasible. D) Critics argue that introspection can result in retrospection. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Boundless - LO. "Boundless. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //www. boundless. com/
Introduction to Psychology Wilhelm Wundt was a German physician, psychologist, philosopher and professor who is credited for: A) his theories on behaviorism. B) his experiments involving monkeys. C) founding the humanistic movement of psychology. D) carrying out the first psychological experiment. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com
Introduction to Psychology Wilhelm Wundt was a German physician, psychologist, philosopher and professor who is credited for: A) his theories on behaviorism. B) his experiments involving monkeys. C) founding the humanistic movement of psychology. D) carrying out the first psychological experiment. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Boundless - LO. "Boundless. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //www. boundless. com/
Introduction to Psychology A central tenet of Freud's psychoanalytic theory is that: A) psychological distress is the result of the superego's inability to mediate between the id and the ego. B) healthy functioning depends on the process of individuation. C) healthy functioning depends on equilibrium between the id, the ego, and the superego. D) psychological distress is the result of early childhood repression of the ego. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com
Introduction to Psychology A central tenet of Freud's psychoanalytic theory is that: A) psychological distress is the result of the superego's inability to mediate between the id and the ego. B) healthy functioning depends on the process of individuation. C) healthy functioning depends on equilibrium between the id, the ego, and the superego. D) psychological distress is the result of early childhood repression of the ego. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Boundless - LO. "Boundless. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //www. boundless. com/
Introduction to Psychology Which psychologist used classical conditioning in order to teach 9 month old Albert to associate fear with a white rabbit? A) Ivan Pavlov B) Edward Lee Thorndike C) B. F. Skinner D) John B. Watson Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com
Introduction to Psychology Which psychologist used classical conditioning in order to teach 9 month old Albert to associate fear with a white rabbit? A) Ivan Pavlov B) Edward Lee Thorndike C) B. F. Skinner D) John B. Watson Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Boundless - LO. "Boundless. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //www. boundless. com/
Introduction to Psychology One of Carl Roger's greatest contributions to the field of humanistic psychology was: A) his theory of the hierarchy of needs. B) his development of a person-centered approach to therapy. C) his research into the tragic dimensions of human existence. D) all of these answers Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com
Introduction to Psychology One of Carl Roger's greatest contributions to the field of humanistic psychology was: A) his theory of the hierarchy of needs. B) his development of a person-centered approach to therapy. C) his research into the tragic dimensions of human existence. D) all of these answers Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Boundless - LO. "Boundless. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //www. boundless. com/
Introduction to Psychology How is cognitive psychology different from behaviorist psychology? A) Cognitive psychology acknowledges the existence of internal mental states. B) Cognitive psychology does not accept the use of the scientific method. C) Cognitive psychology accepts introspection as a valid method of investigation. D) Cognitive psychology focuses on observable behaviors. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com
Introduction to Psychology How is cognitive psychology different from behaviorist psychology? A) Cognitive psychology acknowledges the existence of internal mental states. B) Cognitive psychology does not accept the use of the scientific method. C) Cognitive psychology accepts introspection as a valid method of investigation. D) Cognitive psychology focuses on observable behaviors. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Boundless - LO. "Boundless. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //www. boundless. com/
Introduction to Psychology What is a concern of having Western, educated, and industrialized populations over-represented in psychological research? A) Findings from this research are often labeled "universal" and inaccurately applied to other cultures. B) Technological advances make these populations increasingly difficult to study. C) Findings from these studies indicate an increasing variance within Western culture. D) Findings from this research overemphasize the influence of culture on individual mental states. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com
Introduction to Psychology What is a concern of having Western, educated, and industrialized populations over-represented in psychological research? A) Findings from this research are often labeled "universal" and inaccurately applied to other cultures. B) Technological advances make these populations increasingly difficult to study. C) Findings from these studies indicate an increasing variance within Western culture. D) Findings from this research overemphasize the influence of culture on individual mental states. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Boundless - LO. "Boundless. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //www. boundless. com/
Introduction to Psychology Which of the following are topics of interest in biological psychology? A) memory and sleep, but not perception B) sensation and perception, but not memory C) memory, sleep, AND perception D) motivated behavior and control of movement, but not memory Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com
Introduction to Psychology Which of the following are topics of interest in biological psychology? A) memory and sleep, but not perception B) sensation and perception, but not memory C) memory, sleep, AND perception D) motivated behavior and control of movement, but not memory Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Boundless - LO. "Boundless. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //www. boundless. com/
Introduction to Psychology Which of the following is a core premise of evolutionary psychology? A) The brain is an information processing device that produces behavior in response to external inputs. B) The brain's adaptive mechanisms are shaped by natural and sexual selection. C) Most contents and processes of the brain are unconscious. D) all of these answers Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com
Introduction to Psychology Which of the following is a core premise of evolutionary psychology? A) The brain is an information processing device that produces behavior in response to external inputs. B) The brain's adaptive mechanisms are shaped by natural and sexual selection. C) Most contents and processes of the brain are unconscious. D) all of these answers Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Boundless - LO. "Boundless. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //www. boundless. com/
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