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Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Using Boundless Presentations The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. Get started now at: http: //boundless. com/teaching-platform Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless. com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com

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Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes Components and Structure Passive Transport Active Transport Bulk Transport Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com

Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes > Components and Structure • Components of Plasma Membranes • Fluid Mosaic Model • Membrane Fluidity Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/structure-and-function-of-plasma-membranes-5/components-and-structure-64/

Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes > Passive Transport • The Role of Passive Transport • Selective Permeability • Diffusion • Facilitated transport • Osmosis • Tonicity • Osmoregulation Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/structure-and-function-of-plasma-membranes-5/passive-transport-65/

Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes > Active Transport • Electrochemical Gradient • Primary Active Transport • Secondary Active Transport Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/structure-and-function-of-plasma-membranes-5/active-transport-66/

Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes > Bulk Transport • Endocytosis • Exocytosis Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/structure-and-function-of-plasma-membranes-5/bulk-transport-67/

Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com

Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes Key terms • active transport movement of a substance across a cell membrane against its concentration gradient (from low to high concentration) facilitated by ATP conversion • adenosine triphosphate a multifunctional nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme, often called the "molecular unit of energy currency" in intracellular energy transfer • amphiphilic Having one surface consisting of hydrophilic amino acids and the opposite surface consisting of hydrophobic (or lipophilic) ones. • concentration gradient A concentration gradient is present when a membrane separates two different concentrations of molecules. • diffusion The passive movement of a solute across a permeable membrane • electrochemical gradient The difference in charge and chemical concentration across a membrane. • electrogenic pump An ion pump that generates a net charge flow as a result of its activity. • endosome An endocytic vacuole through which molecules internalized during endocytosis pass en route to lysosomes • facilitated diffusion The spontaneous passage of molecules or ions across a biological membrane passing through specific transmembrane integral proteins. • fluidity A measure of the extent to which something is fluid. The reciprocal of its viscosity. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com

Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes • hydrophilic Having an affinity for water; able to absorb, or be wetted by water, "water-loving. " • hydrophobic Lacking an affinity for water; unable to absorb, or be wetted by water, "water-fearing. " • hypertonic having a greater osmotic pressure than another • hypotonic Having a lower osmotic pressure than another; a cell in this environment causes water to enter the cell, causing it to swell. • isotonic having the same osmotic pressure • membrane protein Proteins that are attached to, or associated with the membrane of a cell or an organelle. • Na+-K+ ATPase An enzyme located in the plasma membrane of all animal cells that pumps sodium out of cells while pumping potassium into cells. • neutrophil A cell, especially a white blood cell that consumes foreign invaders in the blood. • osmolarity The osmotic concentration of a solution, normally expressed as osmoles of solute per litre of solution. • osmoregulation the homeostatic regulation of osmotic pressure in the body in order to maintain a constant water content Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com

Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes • osmosis The net movement of solvent molecules from a region of high solvent potential to a region of lower solvent potential through a partially permeable membrane • passive transport A movement of biochemicals and other atomic or molecular substances across membranes that does not require an input of chemical energy. • permeable Of or relating to substance, substrate, membrane or material that absorbs or allows the passage of fluids. • phospholipid Any lipid consisting of a diglyceride combined with a phosphate group and a simple organic molecule such as choline or ethanolamine; they are important constituents of biological membranes • plasma membrane The semipermeable barrier that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell. • polar a separation of electric charge leading to a molecule or its chemical groups having an electric dipole • receptor A protein on a cell wall that binds with specific molecules so that they can be absorbed into the cell. • secondary active transport A method of transport in which the electrochemical potential difference created by pumping ions out of the cell is used to transport molecules across a membrane. • secretion The act of secreting (producing and discharging) a substance, especially from a gland. • semipermeable membrane A type of biological membrane that will allow certain molecules or ions to pass through it by diffusion and occasionally by specialized facilitated diffusion • solute Any substance that is dissolved in a liquid solvent to create a solution • vesicle A membrane-bound compartment found in a cell. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com

Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes The fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane describes the plasma membrane as a fluid combination of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins. Carbohydrates attached to lipids (glycolipids) and to proteins (glycoproteins) extend from the outward-facing surface of the membrane. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Components and Structure. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44416/latest/Figure_05_01_01. jpg View on Boundless. com

Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes Phagocytosis In phagocytosis, the cell membrane surrounds the particle and engulfs it. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Bulk Transport. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44419/latest/Figure_05_04_01. jpg View on Boundless. com

Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes Pinocytosis In pinocytosis, the cell membrane invaginates, surrounds a small volume of fluid, and pinches off. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Bulk Transport. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44419/latest/Figure_05_04_02. jpg View on Boundless. com

Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes Membrane Fluidity The plasma membrane is a fluid combination of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins. Carbohydrates attached to lipids (glycolipids) and to proteins (glycoproteins) extend from the outward-facing surface of the membrane. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Components and Structure. October 28, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44416/latest/#fig-ch 05_01_03 View on Boundless. com

Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes Secondary Active Transport An electrochemical gradient, created by primary active transport, can move other substances against their concentration gradients, a process called cotransport or secondary active transport. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Active Transport. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44418/latest/Figure_05_03_04. png View on Boundless. com

Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes Changes in Cell Shape Due to Dissolved Solutes Osmotic pressure changes the shape of red blood cells in hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic solutions. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Passive Transport. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44417/latest/Figure_05_02_07. png View on Boundless. com

Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes Turgor Pressure and Plasmolysis Without adequate water, the plant on the left has lost turgor pressure, visible in its wilting; the turgor pressure is restored by watering it (right). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Passive Transport. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44417/latest/Figure_05_02_09. jpg View on Boundless. com

Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes The Components and functions of the Plasma Membrane The principal components of a plasma membrane are lipids (phospholipids and cholesterol), proteins, and carbohydrates attached to some of the lipids and some of the proteins. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 29, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44416/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest View on Boundless. com

Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes Uniporters, Symporters, and Antiporters A uniporter carries one molecule or ion. A symporter carries two different molecules or ions, both in the same direction. An antiporter also carries two different molecules or ions, but in different directions. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Active Transport. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44418/latest/Figure_05_03_02. jpg View on Boundless. com

Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes Active Transport of Sodium and Potassium Primary active transport moves ions across a membrane, creating an electrochemical gradient (electrogenic transport). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Active Transport. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44418/latest/Figure_05_03_03. jpg View on Boundless. com

Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes Channel Proteins in Facilitated Transport Facilitated transport moves substances down their concentration gradients. They may cross the plasma membrane with the aid of channel proteins. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Passive Transport. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44417/latest/Figure_05_02_04. jpg View on Boundless. com

Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes Diffusion through a permeable membrane moves a substance from an area of high concentration (extracellular fluid, in this case) down its concentration gradient (into the cytoplasm). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Passive Transport. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44417/latest/Figure_05_02_02. jpg View on Boundless. com

Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes Electrochemical Gradient Electrochemical gradients arise from the combined effects of concentration gradients and electrical gradients. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Active Transport. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44418/latest/Figure_05_03_01. jpg View on Boundless. com

Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes Turgor Pressure and Tonicity in a Plant Cell The turgor pressure within a plant cell depends on the tonicity of the solution in which it is bathed. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Passive Transport. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44417/latest/Figure_05_02_08. jpg View on Boundless. com

Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes Phospholipid aggregation In an aqueous solution, phospholipids tend to arrange themselves with their polar heads facing outward and their hydrophobic tails facing inward. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Components and Structure. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44416/latest/Figure_05_01_03. jpg View on Boundless. com

Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes Carrier Proteins Some substances are able to move down their concentration gradient across the plasma membrane with the aid of carrier proteins. Carrier proteins change shape as they move molecules across the membrane. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Passive Transport. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44417/latest/Figure_05_02_05. jpg View on Boundless. com

Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes Osmosis In osmosis, water always moves from an area of higher water concentration to one of lower concentration. In the diagram shown, the solute cannot pass through the selectively permeable membrane, but the water can. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Passive Transport. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44417/latest/Figure_05_02_06. jpg View on Boundless. com

Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes Structure of integral membrane proteins Integral membrane proteins may have one or more alpha-helices that span the membrane (examples 1 and 2), or they may have beta-sheets that span the membrane (example 3). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Components and Structure. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44416/latest/Figure_05_01_04. jpg View on Boundless. com

Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes The structure of a phospholipid molecule This phospholipid molecule is composed of a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails. The hydrophilic head group consists of a phosphate-containing group attached to a glycerol molecule. The hydrophobic tails, each containing either a saturated or an unsaturated fatty acid, are long hydrocarbon chains. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Components and Structure. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44416/latest/Figure_05_01_02. jpg View on Boundless. com

Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes Contractile Vacuoles A paramecium's contractile vacuole, here visualized using bright field light microscopy at 480 x magnification, continuously pumps water out of the organism's body to keep it from bursting in a hypotonic medium. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Passive Transport. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44417/latest/Figure_05_02_10. jpg View on Boundless. com

Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes Exocytosis In exocytosis, vesicles containing substances fuse with the plasma membrane. The contents are then released to the exterior of the cell. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Bulk Transport. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44419/latest/Figure_05_04_04. jpg View on Boundless. com

Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis In receptor-mediated endocytosis, uptake of substances by the cell is targeted to a single type of substance that binds to the receptor on the external surface of the cell membrane. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Bulk Transport. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44419/latest/Figure_05_04_03. jpg View on Boundless. com

Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes The plasma membrane is composed of phospholipids and proteins that provide a barrier between the external environment and the cell, regulate the transportation of molecules across the membrane, and communicate with other cells via protein receptors. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikipedia. "Illustration of a Eukaryotic cell membrane. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cell_membrane%23/media/File: Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_4. svg View on Boundless. com

Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes Diffusion across a semipermeable membrane This interactive shows that smaller molecules have an easier time making it across a semipermeable membrane. Adjust the pore size so the larger molecules can make it through! Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com View on Boundless. com

Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes Passive Transport Diffusion is a type of passive transport. Diffusion through a permeable membrane moves a substance from an area of high concentration (extracellular fluid, in this case) down its concentration gradient (into the cytoplasm). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Passive Transport. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44417/latest/Figure_05_02_02. jpg View on Boundless. com

Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes Asymmetry in Plasma Membranes The exterior surface of the plasma membrane is not identical to the interior surface of the same membrane. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Passive Transport. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44417/latest/Figure_05_02_01. jpg View on Boundless. com

Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes Attribution • Wiktionary. "receptor. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/receptor • Wiktionary. "plasma membrane. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/plasma_membrane • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Components and Structure. October 28, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44416/latest/#tab-ch 05_01_01 • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44415/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Wiktionary. "hydrophobic. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/hydrophobic • Wiktionary. "hydrophilic. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/hydrophilic • Wiktionary. "amphiphilic. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/amphiphilic • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44416/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Wiktionary. "phospholipid. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/phospholipid • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44416/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Wiktionary. "fluidity. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/fluidity • Wikipedia. "passive transport. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/passive%20 transport • Wikipedia. "concentration gradient. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/concentration%20 gradient • Wiktionary. "permeable. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/permeable Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com

Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes • Wiktionary. "amphiphilic. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/amphiphilic • Wiktionary. "polar. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/polar • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44417/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Wikipedia. "concentration gradient. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/concentration%20 gradient • Boundless Learning. "Boundless. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //www. boundless. com//biology/definition/diffusion • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44417/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Wikipedia. "membrane protein. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/membrane%20 protein • Wikipedia. "facilitated diffusion. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/facilitated%20 diffusion • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44417/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Wiktionary. "osmosis. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/osmosis • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44417/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Wiktionary. "solute. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/solute • Wiktionary. "hypertonic. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/hypertonic • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44417/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Wiktionary. "osmolarity. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/osmolarity • Wiktionary. "hypotonic. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/hypotonic • Wiktionary. "isotonic. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/isotonic • Wiktionary. "hypotonic. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/hypotonic Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com • Wiktionary. "tonicity. " CC BY-SA http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/tonicity

Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes • Wiktionary. "osmoregulation. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/osmoregulation • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44417/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Wiktionary. "hypertonic. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/hypertonic • Wikipedia. "electrochemical gradient. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/electrochemical%20 gradient • Wikipedia. "active transport. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/active%20 transport • Wikipedia. "adenosine triphosphate. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/adenosine%20 triphosphate • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44418/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Wikipedia. "Na -K ATPase. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Na%20 -K%20%20 ATPase • Boundless Learning. "Boundless. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //www. boundless. com//biology/definition/electrogenic-pump • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44418/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Wikipedia. "secondary active transport. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/secondary%20 active%20 transport • Wikibooks. "Structural Biochemistry/Membrane Proteins. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikibooks. org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Membrane_Proteins%23 Secondary_Active_Transport • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44419/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Wiktionary. "neutrophil. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/neutrophil • Wiktionary. "endosome. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/endosome • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44419/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com • epiehonorsbiology Wikispace. "Exocytosis. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //epiehonorsbiology. wikispaces. com/Exocytosis

Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes • Wiktionary. "vesicle. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/vesicle Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com