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Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Using Boundless Presentations The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. Get started now at: http: //boundless. com/teaching-platform Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless. com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com

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Invertebrates Phylum Porifera Phylum Cnidaria Superphylum Lophotrochozoa Superphylum Ecdysozoa Superphylum Deuterostomia Invertebrates Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com

Invertebrates > Phylum Porifera • Morphology of Sponges • Physiological Processes in Sponges Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/invertebrates-28/phylum-porifera-166/

Invertebrates > Phylum Cnidaria • Class Anthozoa • Class Scyphozoa • Class Cubozoa and Class Hydrozoa Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/invertebrates-28/phylum-cnidaria-167/

Invertebrates > Superphylum Lophotrochozoa • Phylum Platyhelminthes • Phylum Rotifera • Phylum Nemertea • Phylum Mollusca • Classification of Phylum Mollusca • Phylum Annelida Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/invertebrates-28/superphylum-lophotrochozoa-168/

Invertebrates > Superphylum Ecdysozoa • Phylum Nematoda • Phylum Arthropoda • Subphyla of Arthropoda Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/invertebrates-28/superphylum-ecdysozoa-169/

Invertebrates > Superphylum Deuterostomia • Phylum Echinodermata • Classes of Echinoderms • Phylum Chordata Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/invertebrates-28/superphylum-deuterostomia-170/

Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com

Invertebrates Key terms • acoelomate any animal without a coelom, or body cavity • ambulacrum a row of pores for the protrusion of appendages such as tube feet. • ampulla the dilated end of a duct • blastopore the opening into the archenteron • captacula the foot of a Scaphalopod, modified into tentacles for capturing prey • cephalization an evolutionary trend in which the neural and sense organs become centralized at one end (the head) of an animal • cephalothorax the fused head and thorax of spiders and crustaceans • chaeta a chitinous bristle of an annelid worm • choanocyte any of the cells in sponges that contain a flagellum and are used to control the movement of water • clitellum a glandular swelling in the epidermis of some annelid worms; it secretes a viscous fluid in which the eggs are deposited • cnidocyte a capsule, in certain cnidarians, containing a barbed, threadlike tube that delivers a paralyzing sting Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com

Invertebrates • coelomate any animal possessing a fluid-filled cavity within which the digestive system is suspended. • ctenidium a respiratory system, in the form of a comb, in some molluscs • cuticle a noncellular protective covering outside the epidermis of many invertebrates and plants • dioecious having the male and female reproductive organs on separate parts (of the same species) • diploblastic having two embryonic germ layers (the ectoderm and the endoderm) • dorsal nerve cord a hollow cord dorsal to the notochord, formed from a part of the ectoderm that rolls, forming a hollow tube. • ecdysis the shedding of an outer layer of skin in snakes, crustaceans and insects; moulting • ectoparasite a parasite that lives on the surface of a host organism • endosymbiont an organism that lives within the body or cells of another organism • exoskeleton a hard outer structure that provides both structure and protection to creatures such as insects, Crustacea, and Nematoda • fissiparous of cells that reproduce through fission, splitting into two • forcipule a modified pincer-like foreleg in centipedes, capable of injecting venom Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com

Invertebrates • gemmule a small gemma or bud of dormant embryonic cells produced by some freshwater sponges • hermatypic of a coral that is a species that builds coral reefs • holdfast a root-like structure that anchors aquatic sessile organisms, such as seaweed, other sessile algae, stalked crinoids, benthic cnidarians, and sponges, to the substrate • hydroid any of many colonial coelenterates that exist mainly as a polyp; a hydrozoan • lophophore a feeding organ of brachiopods, bryozoans, and phoronids • madreporite a lightcolored calcerous opening used to filter water into the water vascular system of echinoderms • malpighian tubule a tubule that extends from the alimentary canal to the exterior of the organism, excreting water and wastes in the form of solid nitrogenous compounds • mantle the body wall of a mollusc, from which the shell is secreted • mastax the pharynx of a rotifer which usually contains four horny pieces that work to crush the food • mesentery in invertebrates, it describes any tissue that divides the body cavity into partitions • mesohyl the gelatinous matrix within a sponge • metamerism the segmentation of the body into similar discrete units Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com

Invertebrates • nematocyst a capsule, in certain cnidarians, containing a barbed, threadlike tube that delivers a paralyzing sting • nephridium a tubular excretory organ in some invertebrates • notochord a flexible rodlike structure that forms the main support of the body in the lowest chordates; a primitive spine • oocyte a cell that develops into an egg or ovum; a female gametocyte • osculum an opening in a sponge from which water is expelled • ossicle a small bone (or bony structure), especially one of the three of the middle ear • parazoan include only one phylum known as the sponges • pentaradial symmetry a variant of radial symmetry that arranges roughly equal parts around a central axis at orientations of 72° apart • phagocytosis the process where a cell incorporates a particle by extending pseudopodia and drawing the particle into a vacuole of its cytoplasm • pharyngeal slit filter-feeding organs found in non-vertebrate chordates (lancelets and tunicates) and hemichordates living in aquatic environments • podocyte cells that filter the bodily fluids in echinoderms • proboscis an elongated tube from the head or connected to the mouth, of an animal Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com

Invertebrates • proglottid any of the segments of a tapeworm; they contain both male and female reproductive organs • protonephridia an invertebrate organ which occurs in pairs and removes metabolic wastes from an animal's body • pseudocoelomate any invertebrate animal with a three-layered body and a pseudocoel • radula the rasping tongue of snails and most other mollusks • rhopalia small sensory structures found within Scyphozoa that are characterized by clusters of neurons that can be used to sense light • rhynchocoel a cavity which mostly runs above the midline and ends a little short of the rear of the body of a nemertean and extends or retracts the proboscis • scolex the structure at the rear end of a tapeworm which, in the adult, has suckers and hooks by which it attaches itself to a host • scyphistoma the polypoid form of scyphozoans • spicule a sharp, needle-like piece • spiracle a pore or opening used (especially by spiders and some fish) for breathing • spongin a horny, sulfur-containing protein related to keratin that forms the skeletal structure of certain classes of sponges • spongocoel the large, central cavity of sponges Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com

Invertebrates • tagma a specialized grouping of arthropodan segments, such as the head, the thorax, and the abdomen with a common function • visceral mass the soft, non-muscular metabolic region of the mollusc that contains the body organs • water vascular system a hydraulic system used by echinoderms, such as sea stars and sea urchins, for locomotion, food and waste transportation, and respiration Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com

Invertebrates Mollusk shells Helix aspersa, a common land snail, has a calcium carbonate shell. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikipedia. "Snail-wiki-120 -Zachi-Evenor. " CC BY http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Snail-wiki-120 -Zachi-Evenor. jpg View on Boundless. com

Invertebrates The Scaphopods ("boat feet") include the Antalis vulgaris, the shell of which is depicted here. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikimedia Commons. "Black Chiton. " CC BY-SA http: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Black_Chiton. jpg View on Boundless. com

Invertebrates A "generalized mollusk" An anatomical diagram of a hypothetical ancestral mollusk, showing features common to many mollusk types. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikipedia. "Archimollusc-en. svg. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Archimollusc-en. svg View on Boundless. com

Invertebrates Empty shell of a bivalve The empty shell of the giant clam, Tridacna gigas. Note the pair of shells that are hinged together, a characteristic of members of the class Bivalvia. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikipedia. "File: Tridacna gigas. 001 - Aquarium Finisterrae. JPG. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Tridacna_gigas. 001_-_Aquarium_Finisterrae. JPG View on Boundless. com

Invertebrates Chiton morphology The underside of the gumboot chiton, Cryptochiton stellari, showing the foot in the center, surrounded by the gills and mantle. The mouth is visible to the left in this image. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikipedia. "File: Cryptochiton stelleri underside. jpg. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Cryptochiton_stelleri_underside. jpg View on Boundless. com

Invertebrates Anthozoans The sea anemone (a), like all anthozoans, has only a polyp body plan (b). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. November 17, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44664/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest View on Boundless. com

Invertebrates Cnidarian morphology Cnidarians have two distinct body plans, the medusa (a) and the polyp (b). All cnidarians have two membrane layers, with a jelly-like mesoglea between them. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. November 17, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44664/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest View on Boundless. com

Invertebrates Types of polyps in Obelia The sessile form of Obelia geniculate has two types of polyps: gastrozooids, which are adapted for capturing prey, and gonozooids, which bud to produce medusae asexually. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. November 17, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44664/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest View on Boundless. com

Invertebrates Cubozoans The (a) tiny cubazoan jelly Malo kingi is thimble shaped and, like all cubozoan jellies, (b) has four muscular pedalia to which the tentacles attach. M. kingi is one of two species of jellies known to cause Irukandji syndrome, a condition characterized by excruciating muscle pain, vomiting, increased heart rate, and psychological symptoms. Two people in Australia, where Irukandji jellies are most-commonly found, are believed to have died from Irukandji stings. (c) A sign on a beach in northern Australia warns swimmers of the danger. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. November 17, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44664/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest View on Boundless. com

Invertebrates Sea stars Star stars are among the most familiar of marine invertebrates. They are members of the phylum Echinodermata. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikipedia. "Starfish, Mauritius. " CC BY-SA http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Starfish, _Mauritius. jpg View on Boundless. com

Invertebrates The water vascular system of the sea star 1. Pyloric stomach 2. Intestine 3. Rectal gland 4. Stone canal 5. Madreporite 6. Pyloric duct 7. Pyloric cecum 8. Cardiac stomach 9. Gonad 10. Ambulacral plates 11. Ampullae Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikipedia. "Asterias. " CC BY-SA http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Asterias. svg View on Boundless. com

Invertebrates Trematodes Botulus microporus is a trematode that lives only in the intestinal tract of Lancetfish, Alepisaurus ferox. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikipedia. "A-ferox digenean 1. " Public domain http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: A-ferox_digenean 1. jpg View on Boundless. com

Invertebrates Cestodes Taenia saginata, also known as Taeniarhynchus saginata or the beef tapeworm, is a parasite of both cattle and humans. It displays the long series of proglottid subunits characteristic of the species. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikipedia. "Taenia saginata adult 5260 lores. " Public domain http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Taenia_saginata_adult_5260_lores. jpg View on Boundless. com

Invertebrates Lophotrochozoans The Caribbean Reef Squid or Sepioteuthis sepioidea is a complex lophotrochozoan. Species in this group have bilateral symmetry. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikipedia. "Caribbean reef squid. " Public domain http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Caribbean_reef_squid. jpg View on Boundless. com

Invertebrates Cnidocytes Animals from the phylum Cnidaria have stinging cells called cnidocytes. Cnidocytes contain large organelles called (a) nematocysts that store a coiled thread and barb. When hairlike projections on the cell surface are touched, (b) the thread, barb, and a toxin are fired from the organelle. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. November 17, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44664/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest View on Boundless. com

Invertebrates Scyphozoans For jellyfish (a), and all other scyphozoans, the medusa (b) is the most prominent of the two life stages. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. November 17, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44664/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest View on Boundless. com

Invertebrates Sea cucumbers are a member of the phylum Echinodermata which are found on the sea floor worldwide. As with all echinoderms, sea cucumbers have an endoskeleton just below the skin, calcified structures that are usually reduced to isolated microscopic ossicles joined by connective tissue. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikipedia. "Sea Cucumber. " CC BY-SA http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Sea_Cucumber. jpg View on Boundless. com

Invertebrates Sea urchins do not have arms, but have rows of tube feet that can be extended out of pores of the internal shell. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikipedia. "Sea. DSC 01286. " GNU FDL http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Sea. DSC 01286. JPG View on Boundless. com

Invertebrates Sea lilies, like feather stars, have a mouth on their upper surface that is surrounded by arms used for feeding. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikipedia. "Crinoid on the reef of Batu Moncho Island. " CC BY-SA http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Crinoid_on_the_reef_of_Batu_Moncho_Island. JPG View on Boundless. com

Invertebrates Trilobite fossil Acadoparadoxides, possibly A. briareus, a large trilobite from about 500 million years ago from Morocco, North Africa (Middle Cambrian) Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikimedia. "BLW Trilobite (Paradoxides sp. ). " CC BY-SA http: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: BLW_Trilobite_(Paradoxides_sp. ). jpg View on Boundless. com

Invertebrates Book gills The ventral side of a horseshoe crab showing the book gills located near the telson (tail). These gills flap back and forth bringing oxygen to the blood. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikimedia. "Horseshoecrab 2. " CC BY http: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Horseshoecrab 2. jpg View on Boundless. com

Invertebrates House centipede The house centipede (Scutigera coleoptrata) is one of the 13, 000 species of Myriapoda. They bear one pair of legs per segment and can inject venom. The Myriapods contain the millipedes and centipedes. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikimedia. "House centipede. " CC BY http: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: House_centipede. jpg View on Boundless. com

Invertebrates Turbellaria Pseudobiceros bedfordi (Bedford's Flatworm), a member of the Turbellaria, is a marine species which uses the epidermis of its belly for locomotion. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikipedia. "Bedford's Flatworm. " Public domain http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Bedford's_Flatworm. jpg View on Boundless. com

Invertebrates Clitellum The clitellum is the reproductive structure of an annelid. It creates mucus that aids in sperm transfer and gives rise to a cocoon within which fertilization occurs. It can be seen in this image as the enlarged band around the animal. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikipedia. "Regenwurm 1. " GNU FDL http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Regenwurm 1. jpg View on Boundless. com

Invertebrates Gastropod foot Gastropods, such as this Roman snail, have a large foot that is modified for crawling. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikipedia. "Grapevinesnail 01 a. " CC BY-SA http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Grapevinesnail_01 a. jpg View on Boundless. com

Invertebrates Cephalopods ("head foot") include this octopus, which ejects a stream of water from a funnel in its body to propel itself through the water. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikipedia. "Octopus 3. " CC BY-SA http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Octopus 3. jpg View on Boundless. com

Invertebrates Insect showings and body segments Protaetia fieberi in flight posture. Hexapods are characterized by having three distinct tagma, or body segments. This beetle is just one of over one million different species of insects that inhabit the Earth. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikimedia. "Proteatia vol. " CC BY-SA http: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Proteatia_vol. jpg View on Boundless. com

Invertebrates Rotifers A bdelloid rotifer is a member of a class of rotifers found in fresh water and moist soil. The rotifer body consists of a head, a truck, and a foot. They eat by filtering food into the mouth by creating currents with the corona. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikipedia. "Bdelloid Rotifer. " CC BY-SA http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Bdelloid_Rotifer. jpg View on Boundless. com

Invertebrates Types of sponges (a) Clathrina clathrus belongs to class Calcarea, (b) Staurocalyptus spp. (common name: yellow Picasso sponge) belongs to class Hexactinellida, and (c) Acarnus erithacus belongs to class Demospongia. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. November 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44663/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest View on Boundless. com

Invertebrates Sponge Spicule Sponges are classified based on the presence and types of spicules they contain. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikimedia. "Sponge-spicule hg. " CC BY http: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Sponge-spicule_hg. jpg View on Boundless. com

Invertebrates Sponge morphology The sponge's (a) basic body plan is a cylinder shape with a large central cavity. The specialized cell types in sponges (b) each perform a distinct function. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. November 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44663/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest View on Boundless. com

Invertebrates Lifecycle of a jellyfish The lifecycle of a jellyfish includes two stages: the medusa stage and the polyp stage. The polyp reproduces asexually by budding, while the medusa reproduces sexually. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. November 17, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44664/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest View on Boundless. com

Invertebrates Hydrozoans (a) Obelia, (b) Physalia physalis, known as the Portuguese Man O‘ War, (c) Velella bae, and (d) Hydra have different body shapes, but all belong to the family Hydrozoa. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. November 17, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44664/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest View on Boundless. com

Invertebrates Molting in arthropods This cicada is in the middle of the molting process. The old cuticle splits and the insect climbs out. At this time, the insect's body is very soft. The cicada will then eat the old shell to replace nutrients that would otherwise be lost. This encourages the new shell to harden. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikimedia. "Cicada Molting. " CC BY-SA http: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Cicada_Molting. jpg View on Boundless. com

Invertebrates Nematode shape Scanning electron micrograph of soybean cyst nematode and its egg. Nematodes are cylindrical in shape, often looking like thin hairs. They possess an exoskeleton that prevents them from drying out. It must be shed (a process called ecdysis) in order for them to grow. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikimedia. "Soybean cyst nematode and egg SEM. " CC BY http: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Soybean_cyst_nematode_and_egg_SEM. jpg View on Boundless. com

Invertebrates Leeches Unlike earthworms, leeches lack chaetae and have suckers at both ends of the body. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikipedia. "Egel als Schneckenparasit 04. " GNU FDL http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Egel_als_Schneckenparasit_04. JPG View on Boundless. com

Invertebrates Mediterranean green Crab This crab (Carcinus aestuarii) is one of the 67, 000 species of crustaceans inhabiting the world's oceans. Most crustaceans are decapods, having ten legs. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikimedia. "Carcinus aestuarii 2009 G 1. " CC BY-SA http: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Carcinus_aestuarii_2009_G 1. jpg View on Boundless. com

Invertebrates Chelicera of spiders This photo shows the chelicera of a spider being held open with a stick. Some chelicerae, such as those found in spiders, are hollow and contain (or are connected to) venom glands which are used to inject venom into prey or a (perceived) threat. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikimedia. "Solifugae Chelicera lateral aspect 2012 01 24 0999 s. " CC BY http: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Solifugae_Chelicera_lateral_aspect_2012_01_24_0999 s. JPG View on Boundless. com

Invertebrates Sea cucumbers are the only echinoderms that demonstrate "functional" bilateral symmetry as adults, as they lie horizontally as opposed to the vertical axis of other echinoderms. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikipedia. "Conspicuous Sea Cucumber, Coconut Island, Hawaii. " Public domain http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Conspicuous_Sea_Cucumber, _Coconut_Island, _Hawaii. JPG View on Boundless. com

Invertebrates Notochord All chordates possess a notochord, or a type of flexible support rod, at some point in their development. In this dissected lungfish, which is a member of the chordates, tissues have been dissected away to display the notochord. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikipedia. "Lungs of Protopterus dolloi. " CC BY-SA http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Lungs_of_Protopterus_dolloi. JPG View on Boundless. com

Invertebrates Structures present in a tunicate larva While tunicates are invertebrates and may seem very different from the more familiar members of Chordata, the tunicate larva possesses both a notochord and a dorsal nerve cord, although both are lost in adulthood. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikimedia. "Uroc 004 b Jon. " CC BY-SA http: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Uroc 004 b_Jon. png View on Boundless. com

Invertebrates Water flow in a sponge In a sponge, water enters through the body pores and exits in the direction of the osculum (direction of blue arrow). This diffusion of water through the body supports major functions in the sponge. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikimedia. "Porifera body structures 01. " GNU FDL http: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Porifera_body_structures_01. png View on Boundless. com

Invertebrates Internal structures of the Nemertini This image shows the internal structures of a basic nemertean, including the proboscis and the rhynchocoel: 1: Proboscis 2: Rhynchocoel 3: Dorsal commissure of brain 4: Rhynchodeum 5: Proboscis pore 6: Ventral commissure of brain 7: Mouth 8: Foregut 9: Stomach Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikipedia. "Nemertea Anopla n Enopla Head Sagittal. " CC BY-SA http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Nemertea_Anopla_n_Enopla_Head_Sagittal. png View on Boundless. com

Invertebrates Morphology of Nemertea A terrestrial Geonemertes, a Nemertean, displaying the flat, ribbon-like body of the organism that is unsegmented. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com Wikipedia. "Geonemertes sp. , Mindanao, Philippines - 20110515 -02. " CC BY-SA http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Geonemertes_sp. , _Mindanao, _Philippines__20110515 -02. jpg View on Boundless. com

Invertebrates Attribution • Wiktionary. "holdfast. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/holdfast • Wiktionary. "parazoan. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/parazoan • Wiktionary. "endosymbiont. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/endosymbiont • Wiktionary. "spongin. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/spongin • Wiktionary. "spicule. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/spicule • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. November 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44663/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Wikipedia. "Hexactinellida. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Hexactinellida • Wikipedia. "Homoscleromorpha. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Homoscleromorpha • Wikipedia. "Porifera. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Porifera%23 Classes • Wikibooks. "Invertebrate Zoology/Sponges. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikibooks. org/wiki/Invertebrate_Zoology/Sponges • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. November 16, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44663/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Wiktionary. "spongocoel. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/spongocoel • Wiktionary. "choanocyte. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/choanocyte • Wikipedia. "mesohyl. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/mesohyl • Wiktionary. "osculum. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/osculum • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 17, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44663/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Wiktionary. "oocyte. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/oocyte Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com

Invertebrates • Wiktionary. "gemmule. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/gemmule • Wiktionary. "phagocytosis. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/phagocytosis • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 17, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44663/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Wiktionary. "cnidocyte. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/cnidocyte • Wikipedia. "mesentery. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/mesentery • Wiktionary. "hermatypic. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/hermatypic • Wikipedia. "Anthozoan. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Anthozoan • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 17, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44664/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Wiktionary. "nematocyst. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/nematocyst • Boundless Learning. "Boundless. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //www. boundless. com//biology/definition/scyphistoma • Boundless Learning. "Boundless. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //www. boundless. com//biology/definition/rhopalia • Wiktionary. "dioecious. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/dioecious • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 17, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44664/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Wiktionary. "hydroid. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/hydroid • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 23, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44664/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 17, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44664/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Wiktionary. "proglottid. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/proglottid • Wiktionary. "scolex. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/scolex Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com • Wiktionary. "ectoparasite. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/ectoparasite

Invertebrates • Wiktionary. "acoelomate. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/acoelomate • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 17, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44665/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Wikipedia. "pseudocoelomate. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/pseudocoelomate • Wiktionary. "mastax. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/mastax • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 17, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44665/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Wikipedia. "protonephridia. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/protonephridia • Wiktionary. "rhynchocoel. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/rhynchocoel • Wiktionary. "proboscis. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/proboscis • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 17, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44665/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Wikipedia. "visceral mass. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/visceral%20 mass • Wiktionary. "radula. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/radula • Wiktionary. "mantle. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/mantle • Wikipedia. "Mollusca. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Mollusca • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 17, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44665/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Wiktionary. "nephridium. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/nephridium • Boundless Learning. "Boundless. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //www. boundless. com//biology/definition/captacula • Wiktionary. "ctenidium. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/ctenidium • WIKIPEDIA. "Chiton. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Chitons • WIKIPEDIA. "Bivalvia. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Bivalvia Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com

Invertebrates • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 17, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44665/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Wiktionary. "metamerism. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/metamerism • Wiktionary. "chaeta. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/chaeta • Wiktionary. "clitellum. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/clitellum • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 17, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44665/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Wiktionary. "coelomate. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/coelomate • Wiktionary. "ecdysis. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/ecdysis • Wiktionary. "cuticle. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/cuticle • Wikipedia. "Ecdysozoa. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ecdysozoa • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 17, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44667/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Wiktionary. "exoskeleton. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/exoskeleton • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 17, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44667/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Wiktionary. "spiracle. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/spiracle • Wiktionary. "malpighian tubule. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/malpighian+tubule • Wiktionary. "tagma. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/tagma • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 17, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44667/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Wiktionary. "forcipule. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/forcipule • Wiktionary. "cephalothorax. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/cephalothorax Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 17, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0

Invertebrates • Wikipedia. "Water vascular system. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Water_vascular_system • Wikipedia. "pentaradial symmetry. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/pentaradial%20 symmetry • Boundless Learning. "Boundless. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //www. boundless. com//biology/definition/podocyte • Wiktionary. "ampulla. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/ampulla • Wikipedia. "madreporite. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/madreporite • Wikipedia. "Echinoderm. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Echinoderm • Wikipedia. "Madreporite. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Madreporite • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 17, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44681/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Wiktionary. "ossicle. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/ossicle • Wiktionary. "fissiparous. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/fissiparous • Wiktionary. "ambulacrum. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/ambulacrum • Wikipedia. "Sea cucumber. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sea_cucumber • Wikipedia. "Crinoid. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Crinoid • Wikipedia. "Sea urchins. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sea_urchins • Wikipedia. "Brittle star. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Brittle_star • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 17, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44681/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Wikipedia. "pharyngeal slit. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/pharyngeal%20 slit • Wiktionary. "notochord. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/notochord • Wikipedia. "dorsal nerve cord. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/dorsal%20 nerve%20 cord Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com

Invertebrates • Wikipedia. "Chordate. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Chordate • Wikibooks. "General Biology/Classification of Living Things/Eukaryotes/Animals/Phyla. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikibooks. org/wiki/General_Biology/Classification_of_Living_Things/Eukaryotes/Animals/Phyla%23 Phylum_Chordata • Wikibooks. "GCSE Biology/Classification of Organisms. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikibooks. org/wiki/GCSE_Biology/Classification_of_Organisms%23 Chordata • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 17, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44681/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Wiktionary. "cnidocyte. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/cnidocyte • Wiktionary. "diploblastic. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/diploblastic • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. November 17, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44664/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 22, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44664/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest • Wiktionary. "cephalization. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/cephalization • Wiktionary. "lophophore. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/lophophore • Wiktionary. "blastopore. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wiktionary. org/wiki/blastopore • Wikipedia. "Lophotrochozoa. " CC BY-SA 3. 0 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Lophotrochozoa • Open. Stax CNX. "Open. Stax College, Biology. October 23, 2013. " CC BY 3. 0 http: //cnx. org/content/m 44665/latest/? collection=col 11448/latest Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www. boundless. com