Bound roots Ludique relatif au jeu Volcanique relatif

Bound roots • Ludique : “relatif au jeu” – Volcanique : “relatif aux volcans et à leurs activités” – Atomique : “qui a rapport aux atomes” – Catastrophique : “qui a les caractères d’une catastrophe” – Sphérique : “en forme de sphère” • *Lud(e) vs. volcan, atome, catastrophe, sphère

Bound roots : -lud • Ludique • Ludisme : “activité ludique” • Ludoéducatif : “qui vise à éduquer par l’intermédiaire d’un jeu” • Ludothèque : “centre de prêt de jouets et de jeux” • Interlude : “petit intermède dans un programme dramatique, cinématographique, etc. ”

Bound roots • Sous-chef • Sous-homme • Sous-fifre

Bound roots • Sous-chef – “Celui qui vient immédiatement après le chef dans certaines hiérarchies” • Sous-homme – “Homme inférieur, privé de sa dignité d’homme”

Bound roots • Sous-fifre – “Subalterne, tout petit employé” • Fifre – “ 1. Petite flûte traversière en bois au song aigu. 2. Joueur de fifre” • Origine de sous-fifre : “fifre pop. “homme maladroit”

Huckles and Ceives • • Blueberry Blackberry Gooseberry Strawberry Elderberry Cranberry Huckleberry • Lukewarm • • Myrtille Mûre Groseille à maquereau Fraise Baie de sureau Airelle Myrtille • Tiède

Bound roots • • • cranhuckle(straw-) (elder-) (goose-) luke-

Bound roots • • -phonetics phonetician phonic phonology phonologist Phonological • • telephone telephonic phoneme phonemic allophone euphonious symphony

Bound roots • • • receive conceive perceive deceive *ceive • • • reception conception perception deception *ception

Bound roots • • remit permit commit *mit • • remission permission commission

Bound roots • recevoir • concevoir • percevoir • Je reçois, réception • Je conçois, conception • Je perçois, perception • *cevoir • *cois, ception

Bound roots • The meaning of the lexeme is related to the meaning of (at least) one of the morphemes it contains. – Associated with a clear meaning but does not appear in isolation: -lud-, -phon-, … – Not associated with a clear meaning combines with morphemes that have a clear meaning: cran-, huckle-, luke-, … – Associated with a clear meaning but that meaning is irrelevant: straw-, elder-, -fifre

Bound roots • The meaning of the lexeme is not clearly related to any of its parts • But : – the root has regular formal properties: -ceive, mit, … – it combines with identifiable affixes

Morphemes and the arbitrariness of the linguistic sign • Blackberry

Morphemes and the arbitrariness of the linguistic sign • Blueberry

Morphemes and the arbitrariness of the linguistic sign • Elderberry

Naming and lexemes • People need to name things, ideas, properties, actions, etc. • Morphological principles of language allow one to build lexemes for naming things

Naming and lexemes • Morphologically constructed meaning – blackberry = “a type of berry that is black” • Lexeme meaning – blackberry = “a certain type of berry called mûre in French”

Lexeme meaning and phrase meaning • A ‘blackberry (compound) • A black ‘berry (phrase)

Naming and lexemes • Porte-N: morphologically constructed meaning: “person or thing that carries N” – Porte-drapeau : “Celui qui porte le drapeau d’un régiment” – Porte-glaive : “Celui qui porte un glaive” – Porte-cigares : “Etui à cigares” – Portemanteau : “Patère, ensemble de patères pour suspendre des manteaux ; vx. Officier qui portait le manteau d’un grand personnage”

Morphemes and the arbitrariness of the linguistic sign • fifre – “ 1. Petite flûte traversière en bois au song aigu. 2. Joueur de fifre. 3. pop. et arch. “homme maladroit. ” • • sous-fifre = sous + fifre 3 disappears sous-fifre remains Conclusion: the arbitrary link between meaning and form is at lexeme level.

Morphemes and the arbitrariness of the linguistic sign • uncouth: “If you describe a person as uncouth, you mean that they are badmannered, and that their behaviour is unpleasant and unacceptable” • *couth • ungainly: “awkward, clumsy” • *gainly

Compounds • Stem + stem – Blackberry [black. Adj + berry. N] N – Gooseberry [goose. N + berry. N] N – Dishwasher [dish. N + [wash. V + er. V→N]N ]N – Porte-manteau [porte. V + manteau. N]N – Porte-cigarette [porte. V + [cigare. N + ette. N→N]N ]N

Hyperonyms and hyponyms Animal Mammal Primate Man Bird Rodent Gorilla Mouse Reptile

Endocentric compounds • A blackberry is a kind of berry – The compound is a hyperonym of one of the stems That stem is the semantic head – The category of the compound (N) is the same as the category of that stem That stem is the syntactic head – The head is one of the stems: The compound: is endocentric

More endocentric compounds • greenhouse. N = green. Adj + house. N – (kind of house) • catfish. N = cat. N + fish. N – (kind of fish) • pushcart. N = push. V + cart. N – (kind of cart) • lemon yellow. Adj = lemon. N + yellow. Adj – (kind of yellow) [also NN, name of the colour]