Books Authors surname and initials or first name

Books: • Author's surname and initials or first name • Year of publication • Title of books in italics (or underlined if hand-written) • Name of publisher • Place of publication • Examples: • Kaberry, P. (1939) Aboriginal Women, Sacred and Profane. Routledge, London. • Articles in Journals, Periodicals and Newspapers • Author's surname followed by initials or first name • Year of publication • Title of article in single quotation marks • Title of journal in italics (or underlined) • Volume number and issue number, if applicable Page number/s • Example: • Mc. Farlane, B. 1965, 'India: The political economy of crisis‘. The Australian Quarterly, vol. 37, March, p. 9.

A SAMPLE BIBLIOGRAPHY • Bone, Pamela, (1993), 'Crying Shame. Women and Human Rights‘. The Sydney Morning Herald, 28 June, p. 9. (Newspaper article, author known) • Blainey, G. (1966), The Tyranny of Distance. Sun Books, Melbourne. (Book) • Brough, S. (ed. ) (1989) The Economic Atlas, Hutchinson, London. (Reference book edited work) • 'Computer industry blamed', Sydney Morning Herald, 7 July 1997, p. 3. (Newspaper article, author unknown) • Cotton, C. (1994) 'A tyranny of Censors in Myanmar', World Press Express, vol 41, March, p. 33. (Journal article)

Bibliography continued • Kelly, N n. d. , Hanging Out at Glenrowan. Bushwhackers Press, Melbourne. (Work with no publication date) • Leech, O. (1993), 'Call for research shakeup‘. Australian, 11 August, p. 13. (Newspaper article)

Writing a prose summary (Precis) • A prose summary is a condensed, paraphrased version of the original material which can be very useful to you for inclusion in essays and reports. • A summary should contain only the information that has been presented in the original passage. Therefore, do not: • include your own opinions • use your own examples • give additional information • alter the balance of any argument presented

Some tips for writing a summary • Write in continuous prose, with a logical connection of ideas. Words such as but, however, nevertheless, because, therefore, and although are useful to establish a smooth flow of ideas. However, you must use them with care and accuracy so that you do not distort the original meaning. • Use reported or indirect speech and the third person. For example: The chief inspector said, 'I have never seen such a horrible crime in all my years as a police officer. ' (Direct speech. ) The chief inspector claimed never to have witnessed such a horrible crime throughout his entire career as a police officer. (Indirect speech, paraphrased) • When using indirect speech, use the past tense (as above). • Write in formal English. • Use your own words (paraphrase) as far as possible.

Activity Write a summary of the table: The rise of the one person household.

How to write a summary of the information from a table • Mention the important points raised or questions asked. • Mention the 'sample' (ie the people who were interviewed) if important • Concentrate on the main findings of the survey: do not try to report on every aspect, especially if it is highly complex • Try to generalise the findings (ie facts and figures) • Use reported (or indirect) rather than direct speech.

Sample Answer • Nine major European countries are represented in the graph, which depicts the rise of one person households between 1981 and 1991. The graph shows that while the percentage of such households varies considerably, all countries, except perhaps Spain, experienced an increase in the ten years between 1981 and 1991. Sweden (at 40%) showed the highest percentage of one-person households, while Germany (at 35%) and Denmark (at 34%) were also high. Five countries between 29% and 21%, with Spain showing the lowest percentage at only 10%. Over the ten-year period, the Netherlands had the biggest increase (13%), closely followed by Sweden (11%). Ireland only showed a 4% increase, the three countries - Denmark, France and the U. K. - showed a 3% increase. The lowest increase was in Austria (1%). As no figures were available for Spain in 1981, it cannot be seen whether the number of one person households (10%) in fact represents a rise over the 10 -year period. 163 words.

Memo purpose Usually you write memos to inform readers of specific information. You might also write a memo to persuade others to take action, give feedback on an issue, or react to a situation. However, most memos communicate basic information, such as meeting times or due dates Before writing a memo, outline what your purpose is for doing so, and decide if the memo is the best communication channel.

General Format memo • When you write a memo, you will follow a general format. Your instructor or company may have specific requirements that you must use. For instance, a company might have a particular way of presenting a heading or may even use a specific type of letterhead or logo. • However, usually a memo has a "to, " "from, " "subject, " and "date" entry.

Message • This is why it is important that the first sentence of the memo should answer that question with a purpose statement. The best purpose statements are concise and direct. • Your memo's message should also provide a context for readers. In other words, always tell your readers why you are writing. Consider the following questions: • Is your memo a result of a situation? For instance, "As a result of yesterday's meeting. . . " • Is your memo a reminder? For example, "The Proposal is due July 2. "

Heading • A memo's heading provides information about who will receive the memo, who is sending the memo, the date, and the memo's subject. This information may be bolded or highlighted in some way. For example: • TO: • FROM: • DATE: • SUBJECT:

Cont. . • Lists represent an effective way to present information. Not only do they breakdown large amounts of text, but they also provide text in a way that is visually pleasing. Lists are especially useful for conveying steps, phases, years, procedures, or decisions. By avoiding full sentences in a list, your information is concise and more likely to engage your readers. For example: • "To receive a degree in engineering, you must complete the following: " • Core Courses • Elective Courses • Senior Design

Tone • Since you typically send memos to those working within your company, you can use a more informal tone than you would if you were writing a business letter. • For example, you might refer to your colleagues by their first names or use humor. However, always keep in mind that you still need to be professional.

Length • Memos are generally short, concise documents • See word doc